{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T10:48:08Z","timestamp":1785322088526,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]],"date-time":"2021-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013733","name":"Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Unrestricted grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Unrestricted grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013733","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with cervical dystonia (CD) may display non-motor symptoms, including psychiatric disturbances, pain, and sleep disorders. Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is the most efficacious treatment for motor symptoms in CD, but little is known about its effects on non-motor manifestations. The aim of the present study was to longitudinally assess BoNT-A\u2019s effects on CD non-motor symptoms and to investigate the relationship between BoNT-A-induced motor and non-motor changes. Forty-five patients with CD participated in the study. Patients underwent a clinical assessment that included the administration of standardized clinical scales assessing dystonic symptoms, psychiatric disturbances, pain, sleep disturbances, and disability. Clinical assessment was performed before and one and three months after BoNT-A injection. BoNT-A induced a significant improvement in dystonic symptoms, as well as in psychiatric disturbances, pain, and disability. Conversely, sleep disorders were unaffected by BoNT-A treatment. Motor and non-motor BoNT-A-induced changes showed a similar time course, but motor improvement did not correlate with non-motor changes after BoNT-A. Non-motor symptom changes after BoNT-A treatment are a complex phenomenon and are at least partially independent from motor symptom improvement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13090647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]],"date-time":"2021-09-12T21:48:01Z","timestamp":1631483281000},"page":"647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Effect of Botulinum Toxin on Non-Motor Symptoms in Cervical Dystonia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Matteo","family":"Costanzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 30, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Belvisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 30, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IRCSS Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0602-871X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Berardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Suicide Prevention Centre, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2390-4494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Maraone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 30, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viola","family":"Baione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 30, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Ferrazzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 30, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Cutrona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 30, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6631-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Leodori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 30, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IRCSS Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3959-8137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Pasquini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 30, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 30, 00185 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