{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T21:55:41Z","timestamp":1793310941671,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus aureus is a clinically important pathogen that causes a wide range of human infections, from minor skin infections to severe tissue infection and sepsis. S. aureus has a high level of antibiotic resistance and is a common cause of infections in hospitals and the community. The rising prevalence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA), combined with the important severity of S. aureus infections in general, has resulted in the frequent use of anti-staphylococcal antibiotics, leading to increasing resistance rates. Antibiotic-resistant S. aureus continues to be a major health concern, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies. S. aureus uses a wide range of virulence factors, such as toxins, to develop an infection in the host. Recently, anti-virulence treatments that directly or indirectly neutralize S. aureus toxins have showed promise. In this review, we provide an update on toxin pathogenic characteristics, as well as anti-toxin therapeutical strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13100677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T23:08:31Z","timestamp":1632784111000},"page":"677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":360,"title":["Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: An Update on Their Pathogenic Properties and Potential Treatments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nour","family":"Ahmad-Mansour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, CNRS UMR5235, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1218-9432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Loubet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virulence Bact\u00e9rienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 30908 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6815-7819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cassandra","family":"Pouget","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virulence Bact\u00e9rienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 30908 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6884-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Dunyach-Remy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virulence Bact\u00e9rienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 30908 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6463-9386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Sotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virulence Bact\u00e9rienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 30908 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9484-0304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Lavigne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virulence Bact\u00e9rienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 30908 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6573-3411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginie","family":"Molle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, CNRS UMR5235, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70295-4","article-title":"The Role of Nasal Carriage in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"5","author":"Wertheim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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