{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:11:17Z","timestamp":1790435477017,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lake Karaoun is the largest artificial lake in Lebanon and serves multiple purposes. Recently, intensive cyanobacterial blooms have been reported in the lake, raising safety and aesthetic concerns related to the presence of cyanotoxins and cyanobacterial taste and odor (T&amp;O) compounds, respectively. Here, we communicate for the first time results from a recent investigation by LC-MS\/MS covering multiple cyanotoxins (microcystins (MCs), anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, nodularin) in water and fish collected between 2019 and 2020. Eleven MCs were identified reaching concentrations of 211 and 199 \u03bcg\/L for MC-LR and MC-YR, respectively. Cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a and nodularin were not detected. The determination of the total MCs was also carried out by ELISA and Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay yielding comparable results. Molecular detection of cyanobacteria (16S rRNA) and biosynthetic genes of toxins were carried out by qPCR. Untargeted screening analysis by GC-MS showed the presence of T&amp;O compounds, such as \u03b2-cyclocitral, \u03b2-ionone, nonanal and dimethylsulfides that contribute to unpleasant odors in water. The determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) showed the presence of anthropogenic pollutants, mostly dichloromethane and toluene. The findings are important to develop future monitoring schemes in order to assess the risks from cyanobacterial blooms with regard to the lake\u2019s ecosystem and its uses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13100716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T01:59:47Z","timestamp":1633917587000},"page":"716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Investigation of the Occurrence of Cyanotoxins in Lake Karaoun (Lebanon) by Mass Spectrometry, Bioassays and Molecular Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Noura Alice","family":"Hammoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS), P.O. Box 11-8281, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2260, Lebanon"},{"name":"Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, Patr. Grigoriou E\u2019 & 27 Neapoleos Str., Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l\u2019Environnement et les Mat\u00e9riaux, Universit\u00e9 de Pau et des Pays de l\u2019Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254, H\u00e9lioparc, 64053 Pau, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3049-9351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sevasti-Kiriaki","family":"Zervou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, Patr. Grigoriou E\u2019 & 27 Neapoleos Str., Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1909-0256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Triantafyllos","family":"Kaloudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, Patr. Grigoriou E\u2019 & 27 Neapoleos Str., Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Water Quality Control, Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company (EYDAP SA), 156 Oropou Str., 11146 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2298-7136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophoros","family":"Christophoridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, Patr. Grigoriou E\u2019 & 27 Neapoleos Str., Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aikaterina","family":"Paraskevopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, Patr. Grigoriou E\u2019 & 27 Neapoleos Str., Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department, National Technical University, Iroon Politechniou 9, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7899-176X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros M.","family":"Triantis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, Patr. Grigoriou E\u2019 & 27 Neapoleos Str., Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamal","family":"Slim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS), P.O. Box 11-8281, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2260, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5644-4933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Szpunar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l\u2019Environnement et les Mat\u00e9riaux, Universit\u00e9 de Pau et des Pays de l\u2019Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254, H\u00e9lioparc, 64053 Pau, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9986-0892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Fadel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS), P.O. Box 11-8281, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2260, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryszard","family":"Lobinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l\u2019Environnement et les Mat\u00e9riaux, Universit\u00e9 de Pau et des Pays de l\u2019Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254, H\u00e9lioparc, 64053 Pau, France"},{"name":"Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3674-3223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Hiskia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, Patr. Grigoriou E\u2019 & 27 Neapoleos Str., Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boua\u00efcha, N., Miles, C., Beach, D., Labidi, Z., Djabri, A., Benayache, N., and Nguyen-Quang, T. (2019). Structural diversity, characterization and toxicology of microcystins. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201910.0034.v1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2013.07.005","article-title":"Nodularins in poisoning","volume":"425","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200600185","article-title":"Toxins of cyanobacteria","volume":"51","author":"Speijers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1913-6","article-title":"Cyanotoxins: Producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation","volume":"91","author":"Buratti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1039\/c3em00353a","article-title":"A review on cylindrospermopsin: The global occurrence, detection, toxicity and degradation of a potent cyanotoxin","volume":"15","author":"Hiskia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process Impacts"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2007.06.003","article-title":"Toxicology and detection methods of the alkaloid neurotoxin produced by cyanobacteria, anatoxin-a","volume":"33","author":"Osswald","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fatta-Kassinos, D., Bester, K., and K\u00fcmmerer, K. (2010). Sources and Occurrence of Cyanotoxins Worldwide. Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle: Mass Flows, Environmental Processes, Mitigation and Treatment Strategies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-3509-7"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chorus, I., and Bartram, J. (1999). Cyanobacterial toxins. Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring, and Management, E & FN Spon.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203478073"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0040-1","article-title":"Cyanobacterial blooms","volume":"16","author":"Huisman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-019-02524-4","article-title":"Global geographical and historical overview of cyanotoxin distribution and cyanobacterial poisonings","volume":"93","author":"Tokodi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chorus, I., and Welker, M. (2021). Exposure to cyanotoxins: Understanding it and short-term interventions to prevent it. Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003081449-5"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Osseiran, K., and Kabakian, V. (2021, July 07). Hydropower in Lebanon; History and Prospects; United Nations Development Pogramme CEDRO (UNDP\/CEDRO). Available online: http:\/\/www.cedro-undp.org\/content\/uploads\/Publication\/141009092113199~Exchange%204.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Facts about the degradation of Lake Qaraoun, Lebanon, and cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (HABS)","volume":"27","author":"Yazbek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-6593.2012.00324.x","article-title":"Occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms for the first time in Lake Karaoun, Lebanon","volume":"27","author":"Atoui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Environ. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/lre.12058","article-title":"First assessment of the ecological status of Karaoun reservoir, Lebanon","volume":"19","author":"Fadel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lakes Reserv. Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaban, A., and Hamz\u00e9, M. (2018). Evaluation of the Physicochemical and Environmental Status of Qaraaoun Reservoir. The Litani River, Lebanon: An Assessment and Current Challenges, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-76300-2"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6113041","article-title":"Dynamics of the toxin cylindrospermopsin and the cyanobacterium chrysosporum (aphanizomenon) ovalisporum in a mediterranean eutrophic reservoir","volume":"6","author":"Fadel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390490492377","article-title":"Aquatic taste and odor: A primary signal of drinking-water integrity","volume":"67","author":"Watson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1995.0386","article-title":"Off-flavor as the consumer\u2019s measure of drinking water safety","volume":"31","author":"McGuire","year":"1995","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefan, M.I. (2018). Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment\u2014Fundamentals and Applications, IWA Publishing.","DOI":"10.2166\/9781780407197"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zohary, T., Sukenik, A., Berman, T., and Nishri, A. (2014). Water pollutants. Lake Kinneret: Ecology and Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-8944-8"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.07.020","article-title":"New SPE-LC-MS\/MS method for simultaneous determination of multi-class cyanobacterial and algal toxins","volume":"323","author":"Zervou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17877","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35428-x","article-title":"Occurrence and diversity of cyanotoxins in Greek lakes","volume":"8","author":"Christophoridis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.04.058","article-title":"The role of algae and cyanobacteria in the production and release of odorants in water","volume":"227","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117017","article-title":"CyanoMetDB, a comprehensive public database of secondary metabolites from cyanobacteria","volume":"196","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birbeck, J.A., Westrick, J.A., O\u2019Neill, G.M., Spies, B., and Szlag, D.C. (2019). Comparative analysis of microcystin prevalence in Michigan lakes by online concentration LC\/MS\/MS and ELISA. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11010013"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22582","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22582","article-title":"Recent developments in the methods of quantitative analysis of microcystins","volume":"34","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Sanseverino, I., Conduto Ant\u00f3nio, D., Loos, R., and Lettieri, T. (2021, July 07). Cyanotoxins: Methods and Approaches for Their Analysis and Detection; EUR 28624; Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Union. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2760\/36186."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.04.025","article-title":"Cyanotoxins: Which detection technique for an optimum risk assessment?","volume":"118","author":"Gaget","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hardy, F.J., Johnson, A., Hamel, K., and Preece, E. (2015). Cyanotoxin bioaccumulation in freshwater fish, Washington State, USA. Environ. Monit. Assess., 187.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-4875-x"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2019.03.066","article-title":"Determination of microcystins, nodularin, anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, and saxitoxin in water and fish tissue using isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"1599","author":"Haddad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5194","DOI":"10.1021\/es403491k","article-title":"Exposure to the cyanotoxin microcystin arising from interspecific differences in feeding habits among fish and shellfish in the James River Estuary, Virginia","volume":"48","author":"Wood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2017.08.006","article-title":"Microcystin in Lake Erie fish: Risk to human health and relationship to cyanobacterial blooms","volume":"43","author":"Wituszynski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7051649","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns in the seasonal distribution of toxic cyanobacteria in western Lake Erie from 2002\u20132014","volume":"7","author":"Wynne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2012.04.002","article-title":"Biomagnification or biodilution of microcystins in aquatic foodwebs? Meta-analyses of laboratory and field studies","volume":"18","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1897\/07-213.1","article-title":"Microcystin kinetics (bioaccumulation and elimination) and biochemical responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and silver carp (hypophthalmichthys molitrix) exposed to toxic cyanobacterial blooms","volume":"26","author":"Kopp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00027236","article-title":"Phytoplankton periodicity in a subtropical lake (Lake Kinneret, Israel)","volume":"138","author":"Pollingher","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/20.4.709","article-title":"Phytoplankton development and turbulent mixing in Lake Kinneret (1992\u20131996)","volume":"20","author":"Berman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/20.7.1321","article-title":"Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (Forti) in Lake Kinneret, Israel","volume":"20","author":"Pollingher","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, X., Liu, H., Yuan, L., Wang, Y., Ma, Y., Wang, R., Chen, X., Losiewicz, M.D., Guo, H., and Zhang, H. (2019). The diversity of cyanobacterial Toxins on structural characterization, distribution and identification: A systematic review. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11090530"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.012","article-title":"Development of an integrated laboratory system for the monitoring of cyanotoxins in surface and drinking waters","volume":"55","author":"Triantis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.47.4.814-820.1984","article-title":"Dynamics of the volatile organic substances associated with cyanobacteria and algae in a eutrophic shallow lake","volume":"47","year":"1984","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-010-9877-0","article-title":"\u03b2-Cyclocitral, a grazer defence signal unique to the cyanobacterium microcystis","volume":"36","author":"Watson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00091a074","article-title":"Quantitative and sensory studies on tomato paste volatiles","volume":"38","author":"Buttery","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.104.049718","article-title":"Circadian regulation of the PhCCD1 carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase controls emission of \u03b2-ionone, a fragrance volatile of petunia flowers","volume":"136","author":"Simkin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paparella, A., Shaltiel-Harpaza, L., and Ibdah, M. (2021). \u03b2-Ionone: Its occurrence and biological function and metabolic engineering. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10040754"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-015-1698-y","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations of taste and odor compounds in surface water, overlying water and sediment of the Western Lake Chaohu, China","volume":"96","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1","article-title":"GRAS Flavor chemicals\u2014Detection thresholds","volume":"16","author":"Leffingwell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Perfum. Flavorist"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.03.041","article-title":"Occurrence of swampy\/septic odor and possible odorants in source and finished drinking water of major cities across China","volume":"249","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.003","article-title":"Identification of complex septic odorants in Huangpu River source water by combining the data from gas chromatography-olfactometry and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography using retention indices","volume":"556","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(12)60101-6","article-title":"Off-flavor compounds from decaying cyanobacterial blooms of Lake Taihu","volume":"25","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2016.1198306","article-title":"Malodorous volatile organic sulfur compounds: Sources, sinks and significance in inland waters","volume":"43","author":"Watson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Khiari, D. (2019). Managing Cyanotoxins, Water Research Foundation. Available online: https:\/\/www.waterrf.org\/sites\/default\/files\/file\/2019-12\/Cyanotoxins_StateOfTheScience.pdf."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chorus, I., and Welker, M. (2021). Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003081449"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"ECHA (2021, July 08). European Chemicals Agency, REACH Registered Substance Portal. Available online: https:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/substance-information\/-\/substanceinfo\/100.033.401."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13434","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518485112","article-title":"Latent hydrocarbons from cyanobacteria","volume":"112","author":"Valentine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, F.Y., Ong, S.L., and Hu, J. (2017). Recent Advances in the use of chemical markers for tracing wastewater contamination in aquatic environment: A review. Water, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/w9020143"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metcalf, J.S., and Codd, G.A. (2020). Co-occurrence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins with other environmental health hazards: Impacts and implications. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12100629"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"29","article-title":"Effets des facteurs environnementaux sur la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau et la prolif\u00e9ration toxique des cyanobact\u00e9ries du lac KARAOUN (Liban)","volume":"9","author":"Slim","year":"2012","journal-title":"LARHYSS J."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (2021, October 04). ISO 17943: Water Quality\u2014Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Water\u2014Method Using Headspace Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction (HS-SPME) Followed by gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/61076.html."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (2017). ISO 17025:General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories, International Organization for Standardization. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/publication\/PUB100424.html."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/13\/10\/716\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:11:18Z","timestamp":1760166678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/13\/10\/716"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins13100716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins13100716","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]]}}}