{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T22:08:36Z","timestamp":1784758116461,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. Therefore, fighting against such cancer is reasonable. Chemotherapy drugs are sometimes inefficient and often accompanied by undesirable side effects for patients. On the other hand, the emergence of chemoresistant HCC emphasizes the need for a new high-efficiency treatment strategy. Immunotoxins are armed and rigorous targeting agents that can purposefully kill cancer cells. Unlike traditional chemotherapeutics, immunotoxins because of targeted toxicity, insignificant cross-resistance, easy production, and other favorable properties can be ideal candidates against HCC. In this review, the characteristics of proper HCC-specific biomarkers for immunotoxin targeting were dissected. After that, the first to last immunotoxins developed for the treatment of liver cancer were discussed. So, by reviewing the strengths and weaknesses of these immunotoxins, we attempted to provide keynotes for designing an optimal immunotoxin against HCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13100719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T21:45:32Z","timestamp":1633988732000},"page":"719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Immunotoxins Immunotherapy against Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Promising Prospect"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9982-2773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Heiat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science, Tehran 1435916471, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Hashemi Yeganeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115111, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Moayed","family":"Alavian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science, Tehran 1435916471, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4420-0173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Rezaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science, Tehran 1435916471, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleming, B., and Ho, M. 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