{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:27:13Z","timestamp":1791224833569,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":206,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000943","name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CERC Postdoctoral Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CERC Postdoctoral Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000943","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parasitoid wasps represent the plurality of venomous animals, but have received extremely little research in proportion to this taxonomic diversity. The lion\u2019s share of investigation into insect venoms has focused on eusocial hymenopterans, but even this small sampling shows great promise for the development of new active substances. The family Pompilidae is known as the spider wasps because of their reproductive habits which include hunting for spiders, delivering a paralyzing sting, and entombing them in burrows with one of the wasp\u2019s eggs to serve as food for the developing larva. The largest members of this family, especially the tarantula hawks of the genus Pepsis, have attained notoriety for their large size, dramatic coloration, long-term paralysis of their prey, and incredibly painful defensive stings. In this paper we review the existing research regarding the composition and function of pompilid venoms, discuss parallels from other venom literatures, identify possible avenues for the adaptation of pompilid toxins towards human purposes, and future directions of inquiry for the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13110744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T23:27:39Z","timestamp":1634858859000},"page":"744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Short Review of the Venoms and Toxins of Spider Wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4346-7252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Dashevsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian National Insect Collection, Commonwealth Science & Industry Research Organisation, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9922-1978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juanita","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian National Insect Collection, Commonwealth Science & Industry Research Organisation, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12062","article-title":"Poisons, toxungens, and venoms: Redefining and classifying toxic biological secretions and the organisms that employ them","volume":"89","author":"Nelsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. 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