{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:15:54Z","timestamp":1792552554005,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Sciences Foundation of China","award":["82073514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82073514"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It has long been accepted that Shiga toxin (Stx) only exists in Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1. However, in recent decades, the presence of Shiga toxin genes (stx) in other Shigella spp. have been reported. We screened 366 Shigella flexneri strains from Alberta, Canada (2003 to 2016) for stx and 26 positive strains were identified. These isolates are highly related with the majority originating from the Dominican Republic and three isolates with Haiti origin. Both phylogenetic and spanning tree analysis of the 26 Alberta and 29 stx positive S. flexneri originating from the U.S., France, Canada (Quebec) and Haiti suggests that there are geographic specific distribution patterns (Haiti and Dominican Republic clades). This study provides the first comprehensive whole genome based phylogenetic analysis of stx positive S. flexneri strains as well as their global transmission, which signify the public health risks of global spreading of these strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13110755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T21:42:05Z","timestamp":1635198125000},"page":"755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Identification of Shiga-Toxin-Producing Shigella Infections in Travel and Non-Travel Related Cases in Alberta, Canada"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Zhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendon D.","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Szelewicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue T. K.","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Fach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Food Safety Laboratory, COLiPATH Research Unit & IDPA Genomics Platform, FR-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9208-5659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Delannoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Food Safety Laboratory, COLiPATH Research Unit & IDPA Genomics Platform, FR-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Precision Laboratories-ProvLab, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0054-9434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Ferrato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Precision Laboratories-ProvLab, Calgary, AB T2N 4W4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2319-6192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Freedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Emergency Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonita E.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Women and Children\u2019s Health Research Institute, Stollery Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Li","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Precision Laboratories-ProvLab, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Chui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Precision Laboratories-ProvLab, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Z., Wang, W., Cao, M., Zhu, Q., Ma, T., Zhang, Y., Liu, G., Zhou, X., Li, B., and Shi, Y. 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