{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:57:34Z","timestamp":1791309454500,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/33\/B\/NZ9\/02743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/33\/B\/NZ9\/02743"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycotoxins are one of the most dangerous food and feed contaminants, hence they have significant influence on human and animal health. This study reviews the information reported over the last few years on the toxic effects of the most relevant and studied\u00a0Fusarium toxins and their modified forms. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its metabolites can induce intracellular oxidative stress, resulting in DNA damage. Recent studies have also revealed the capability of DON and its metabolites to disturb the cell cycle and alter amino acid expression. Several studies have attempted to explore the mechanism of action of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in anorexia induction. Among other findings, two neurotransmitters associated with this process have been identified, namely substance P and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). For zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites, the literature points out that, in addition to their generally acknowledged estrogenic and oxidative potentials, they can also modify DNA by altering methylation patterns and histone acetylation. The ability of the compounds to induce alterations in the expression of major metabolic genes suggests that these compounds can contribute to the development of numerous metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13110768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T22:14:52Z","timestamp":1635891292000},"page":"768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Updated Review of the Toxicity of Selected Fusarium Toxins and Their Modified Forms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3476-8512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Pierzgalski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology-State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1855-3610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Bry\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology-State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9804-5570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Kanabus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology-State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4534-3552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Modrzewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology-State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1782-712X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u017cyna","family":"Podolska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cereal Crop Production, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation\u2013State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00769561","article-title":"Mycotoxins, mycotoxicoses, mycotoxicology and Mycopathologia","volume":"100","author":"Bennett","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perincherry, L., Lalak-Ka\u0144czugowska, J., and St\u0119pie\u0144, \u0141. 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