{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:46:35Z","timestamp":1790628395902,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["063\/2010-Toxinology - AUXPE 1209\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["063\/2010-Toxinology - AUXPE 1209\/2011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016\/50127-5; 2014\/13124-2; 2017\/15170-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/50127-5; 2014\/13124-2; 2017\/15170-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["303958\/2018-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303958\/2018-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRO-ESTADO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRO-ESTADO"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Differences in snake venom composition occur across all taxonomic levels and it has been argued that this variation represents an adaptation that has evolved to facilitate the capture and digestion of prey and evasion of predators. Bothrops atrox is a terrestrial pitviper that is distributed across the Amazon region, where it occupies different habitats. Using statistical analyses and functional assays that incorporate individual variation, we analyzed the individual venom variability in B. atrox snakes from four different habitats (forest, pasture, degraded area, and floodplain) in and around the Amazon River in Brazil. We observed venom differentiation between spatially distinct B. atrox individuals from the different habitats, with venom variation due to both common (high abundance) and rare (low abundance) proteins. Moreover, differences in the composition of the venoms resulted in individual variability in functionality and heterogeneity in the lethality to mammals and birds, particularly among the floodplain snakes. Taken together, the data obtained from individual venoms of B. atrox snakes, captured in different habitats from the Brazilian Amazon, support the hypothesis that the differential distribution of protein isoforms results in functional distinctiveness and the ability of snakes with different venoms to have variable toxic effects on different prey.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13110814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T02:43:31Z","timestamp":1637289811000},"page":"814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Individual Variability in Bothrops atrox Snakes Collected from Different Habitats in the Brazilian Amazon: New Findings on Venom Composition and Functionality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6303-0897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leijane F.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3477-3012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Holding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiago H. M.","family":"Del-Rei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa M. T.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0100-644X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa H. V.","family":"Mour\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioprospec\u00e7\u00e3o e Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Par\u00e1\u2014UFOPA, Rua Vera Paz, s\/n, Santar\u00e9m 68035-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7466-9669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hip\u00f3crates M.","family":"Chalkidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisas Zool\u00f3gicas, Unama Centro Universit\u00e1rio da Amaz\u00f4nia, Santar\u00e9m 68010-200, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5779-3668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedito","family":"Prezoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7461-3393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. Lisle","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1787-6634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Moura-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.1242","article-title":"Snake venomics. 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