{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:58:12Z","timestamp":1790834292973,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,28]],"date-time":"2021-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union and the regional Development Fund, Ministry for Innovation and Technology in Hungary,The Kidney Fund, The Tom and Sheila Springer Trust, Epsom and St. Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust and Kidney Research (MD) and UK and the European Un","award":["The publication was supported in Debrecen by the GINOP-2.3,2-15-2016-00062 project co-financed by the European Union and the regional Development Fund, by the Thematic Excel-lence Programme (TKP2020-IKA-04) of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology in"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The publication was supported in Debrecen by the GINOP-2.3,2-15-2016-00062 project co-financed by the European Union and the regional Development Fund, by the Thematic Excel-lence Programme (TKP2020-IKA-04) of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology in"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The intensifying world-wide spread of mycotoxigenic fungal species has increased the possibility of mycotoxin contamination in animal feed and the human food chain. Growing evidence shows the deleterious toxicological effects of mycotoxins from infants to adults, while large population-based screening programs are often missing to identify affected individuals. The kidney functions as the major excretory system, which makes it particularly vulnerable to nephrotoxic injury. However, few studies have attempted to screen for kidney injury biomarkers in large, mycotoxin-exposed populations. As a result, there is an urgent need to screen them with sensitive biomarkers for potential nephrotoxicity. Although a plethora of biomarkers have been tested to estimate the harmful effects of a wide spectrum of toxicants, \u03b22-microglobulin (\u03b22-MG) and N-acetyl-\u03b2-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) are currently the dominant biomarkers employed routinely in environmental toxicology research. Nevertheless, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) are also emerging as useful and informative markers to reveal mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity. In this opinion article we consider the nephrotoxic effects of mycotoxins, the biomarkers available to detect and quantify the kidney injuries caused by them, and to recommend biomarkers to screen mycotoxin-exposed populations for renal damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13120848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T03:12:56Z","timestamp":1638328376000},"page":"848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Urinary Biomarkers of Mycotoxin Induced Nephrotoxicity\u2014Current Status and Expected Future Trends"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7316-1911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsolt","family":"R\u00e1duly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8551-0349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert G.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King\u2019s College, 150 Stamford St., London SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E. C.","family":"Dockrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South West Thames Institute for Renal Research, Carshalton, Surrey SM5 1AA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2446-1456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Csernoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"P\u00f3csi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy159","article-title":"Nephrotoxicity and renal pathophysiology: A contemporary perspective","volume":"164","author":"Barnett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. 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