{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:39:26Z","timestamp":1792136366967,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":255,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,4]],"date-time":"2021-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phospholipases A2s (PLA2s) constitute one of the major protein groups present in the venoms of viperid and crotalid snakes. Snake venom PLA2s (svPLA2s) exhibit a remarkable functional diversity, as they have been described to induce a myriad of toxic effects. Local inflammation is an important characteristic of snakebite envenomation inflicted by viperid and crotalid species and diverse svPLA2s have been studied for their proinflammatory properties. Moreover, based on their molecular, structural, and functional properties, the viperid svPLA2s are classified into the group IIA secreted PLA2s, which encompasses mammalian inflammatory sPLA2s. Thus, research on svPLA2s has attained paramount importance for better understanding the role of this class of enzymes in snake envenomation and the participation of GIIA sPLA2s in pathophysiological conditions and for the development of new therapeutic agents. In this review, we highlight studies that have identified the inflammatory activities of svPLA2s, in particular, those from Bothrops genus snakes, which are major medically important snakes in Latin America, and we describe recent advances in our collective understanding of the mechanisms underlying their inflammatory effects. We also discuss studies that dissect the action of these venom enzymes in inflammatory cells focusing on molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the biosynthesis of lipid mediators and lipid accumulation in immunocompetent cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13120868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T03:21:05Z","timestamp":1638847265000},"page":"868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Inflammatory Effects of Bothrops Phospholipases A2: Mechanisms Involved in Biosynthesis of Lipid Mediators and Lipid Accumulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4048-1967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04044-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elbio","family":"Leiguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0557-1625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscila Motta","family":"Janovits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Maia-Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Maria","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5887-7663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(94)90293-3","article-title":"Hyperalgesia induced by Bothrops jararaca venom in rats: Role of eicosanoids and platelet activating factor (PAF)","volume":"32","author":"Teixeira","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.03.019","article-title":"Inflammation induced by Bothrops asper venom","volume":"54","author":"Teixeira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.08.016","article-title":"Edema, hyperalgesia and myonecrosis induced by Brazilian bothropic venoms: Overview of the last decade","volume":"187","author":"Mamede","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.038","article-title":"Experimental pathology of local tissue damage induced by Bothrops asper snake venom","volume":"54","author":"Rucavado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2019). 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