{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:50:44Z","timestamp":1792788644951,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 2019R1F1A1053196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2019R1F1A1053196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study was designed to compare the roles of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT\/A) and extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) in promoting the functional recovery and regeneration of injured peripheral nerves. A total of 45 six-week-old rats with sciatic nerve injury were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The experimental groups received a single session of intranerve BoNT\/A or ESWT immediately after a nerve-crushing injury. The control group was not exposed to any treatment. Differentiation of Schwann cells and axonal sprouting were observed through immunofluorescence staining, ELISA, real-time PCR, and Western blot at 3, 6, and 10 weeks post-nerve injury. For clinical assessment, serial sciatic functional index analysis and electrophysiological studies were performed. A higher expression of GFAP and S100\u03b2 was detected in injured nerves treated with BoNT\/A or ESWT. The levels of GAP43, ATF3, and NF200 associated with axonal regeneration in the experimental groups were also significantly higher than in the control group. The motor functional improvement occurred after 7 weeks of clinical observation following BoNT\/A and ESWT. Compared with the control group, the amplitude of the compound muscle action potential in the experimental groups was significantly higher from 6 to 10 weeks. Collectively, these findings indicate that BoNT\/A and ESWT similarly induced the activation of Schwann cells with the axonal regeneration of and functional improvement in the injured nerve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13120879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T02:07:18Z","timestamp":1639102038000},"page":"879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effect of Botulinum Toxin Injection and Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy on Nerve Regeneration in Rats with Experimentally Induced Sciatic Nerve Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Minsu","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongin","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengshu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taeyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bum Sun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyeun","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.11.017","article-title":"Patient-reported outcome after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"34","author":"Novak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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