{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:36:00Z","timestamp":1760236560897,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We are studying the structures of bacterial toxins that form ion channels and enable macromolecule transport across membranes. For example, the crystal structure of the Staphylococcus aureus \u03b1-hemolysin (\u03b1-HL) channel in its functional state was confirmed using neutron reflectometry (NR) with the protein reconstituted in membranes tethered to a solid support. This method, which provides sub-nanometer structural information, could also test putative structures of the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen 63 (PA63) channel, locate where B. anthracis lethal factor and edema factor toxins (LF and EF, respectively) bind to it, and determine how certain small molecules can inhibit the interaction of LF and EF with the channel. We report here the solution structures of channel-forming PA63 and its precursor PA83 (which does not form channels) obtained with small angle neutron scattering. At near neutral pH, PA83 is a monomer and PA63 a heptamer. The latter is compared to two cryo-electron microscopy structures. We also show that although the \u03b1-HL and PA63 channels have similar structural features, unlike \u03b1-HL, PA63 channel formation in lipid bilayer membranes ceases within minutes of protein addition, which currently precludes the use of NR for elucidating the interactions between PA63, LF, EF, and potential therapeutic agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13120888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T01:29:33Z","timestamp":1639358973000},"page":"888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Solution Structures of Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen Proteins Using Small Angle Neutron Scattering and Protective Antigen 63 Ion Channel Formation Kinetics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ariel","family":"Michelman-Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4712-0881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth A.","family":"Rubinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vitalii","family":"Silin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SPR Biosystems, Brunswick, MD 21758, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Kasianowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA"},{"name":"Department of Applied Physics & Applied Math, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"},{"name":"Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Universit\u00e4t Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33628, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Hille, B. 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