{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T01:17:59Z","timestamp":1792545479609,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Pain management of patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) is challenging, because pain is often refractory to conventional treatments. Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for these patients. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the role of BTX-A in CPPS treatment. Methods: We reviewed the literature for prospective studies evaluating the use of BTX-A in the treatment of CPPS. A comprehensive search in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases was performed from English language articles published between January 2000 and October 2021. The primary outcome was to evaluate pain improvement in CPPS after BTX-A treatment. Pooled meta-analysis of the included studies, considering the effect of BTX-A on pain evaluated at last available follow-up compared to baseline values, was performed together with meta-regression analysis. Results: After screening 1001 records, 18 full-text manuscripts were selected, comprising 13 randomized clinical trials and five comparative studies. They covered overall 896 patients of both sexes and several subtype of CPPS (interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome, chronic prostatitis\/prostate pain syndrome, chronic scrotal pain, gynecological pelvic pain, myofascial pelvic pain). The clinical and methodological heterogeneity of studies included makes it difficult to do an overall estimation of the real effect of BTX-A on pain and other functional outcomes of various CPPS subtypes. However, considering pooled meta-analysis results, a benefit in pain relief was showed for BTX-A-treated patients both in the overall studies populations and in the overall cohorts of patients with CPP due to bladder, prostate, and gynecological origin. Conclusions: BTX-A could be an efficacious treatment for some specific CPPS subtypes. Higher level studies are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of BTX-A and provide objective indications for its use in CPPS management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14010025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:35:09Z","timestamp":1641771309000},"page":"25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Botulinum Toxin-A Injection in Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome Treatment: A Systematic Review and Pooled Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9756-4632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Panunzio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, University of Verona, Piazzale Aristide Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Tafuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, University of Verona, Piazzale Aristide Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Urology, \u201cVito Fazzi\u201d Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3407-9869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Mazzucato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, University of Verona, Piazzale Aristide Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Cerrato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, University of Verona, Piazzale Aristide Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossella","family":"Orlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, University of Verona, Piazzale Aristide Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2792-329X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Pagliarulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, \u201cVito Fazzi\u201d Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7455-8803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Antonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, University of Verona, Piazzale Aristide Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Angela","family":"Cerruto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, University of Verona, Piazzale Aristide Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"EAU guidelines on chronic pelvic pain","volume":"18","author":"Engeler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. 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