{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T01:06:56Z","timestamp":1775005616394,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Management of neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) remains a clinical priority to improve patients\u2019 quality of life and prevent dramatic urological complications. Intradetrusor injection of onabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT\/A1, botulinum neurotoxin A1) is approved as second therapeutic line in these patients, demonstrating a good efficacy. However, a loss of its efficacy over time has been described, with no clear understanding of the underlying mechanisms. This paper aims at shedding new light on BoNT\/A1 secondary failure in NDO through functional and structural analysis. Three groups of patients (either non-NDO, NDO with no toxin history or toxin secondary failure) were investigated using an ex vivo bladder strip assay. Detrusor strips were tensed in organ baths and submitted to electrical field stimulation to generate contractions. Recombinant BoNT\/A1 was then added at various concentrations and contractions recorded for 4 h. Histology exploring BoNT\/A1 targets, fibrosis and neuronal markers was also used. Detrusor strips from patients with BoNT\/A1 secondary failure displayed a smaller sensitivity to toxin ex vivo at 3 nM compared to the other groups. Histological evaluation demonstrated the presence of cleaved Synaptosomal-Associated Protein, 25 kDa (c-SNAP25) in the detrusor from the toxin-secondary failure population, indicating some remaining in vivo sensitivity to BoNT\/A1 despite the therapeutic escape. Moreover, residual c-SNAP25 did not affect parasympathetic-driven contractions observed ex vivo. This study confirms the slightly lower efficacy of BoNT\/A1 in the BoNT\/A1 secondary failure NDO group, suggesting that the escape from BoNT\/A1 efficacy in NDO occurs at least at the parasympathetic level and could imply compensatory mechanisms for detrusor contraction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14020077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T20:36:27Z","timestamp":1642970187000},"page":"77","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["BoNT\/A1 Secondary Failure for the Treatment of Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity: An Ex Vivo Functional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2512-5593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacquie","family":"Maignel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IPSEN Innovation, 91940 Les Ulis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPSEN Innovation, 91940 Les Ulis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9521-0956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rana","family":"Assaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pelvipharm, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7286-9309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu L.","family":"Vogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPSEN Innovation, 91940 Les Ulis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7506-4859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Retailleau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPSEN Innovation, 91940 Les Ulis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fraser","family":"Hornby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPSEN Bioinnovation, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RY, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9521-0988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Laugerotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPSEN Innovation, 91940 Les Ulis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3412-4058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Lezmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPSEN Innovation, 91940 Les Ulis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4831-6499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Denys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raymond-Poincar\u00e9 Hospital, 92380 Garches, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Krupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPSEN Innovation, 91940 Les Ulis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Joussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raymond-Poincar\u00e9 Hospital, 92380 Garches, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Epidemiology of worldwide spinal cord injury: A literature review","volume":"6","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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