{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:22:44Z","timestamp":1792092164071,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]],"date-time":"2022-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a widespread mycotoxin produced by fungal Fusarium species\u2014mainly in maize, one of the plants most commonly used for food and feed. Pigs and horses are the animal species most susceptible to this mycotoxin. FB1 exposure can cause highly diverse clinical symptoms, including hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and intestinal barrier function disturbance. Inhibition of ceramide synthetase is a well-understood ubiquitous molecular mechanism of FB1 toxicity, but other more tissue-specific effects remain to be elucidated. To investigate the effects of FB1 in different exposed tissues, we cross-analyzed the transcriptomes of fours organs: liver, jejunum, jejunal Peyer\u2019s patches, and spleen. During a four-week study period, pigs were fed a control diet or a FB1-contaminated diet (10 mg\/kg feed). In response to oral FB1 exposure, we observed common biological processes in the four organs, including predominant and recurrent processes (extracellular matrix organization, integrin activation, granulocyte chemotaxis, neutrophil migration, and lipid and sterol homeostasis), as well as more tissue-specific processes that appeared to be related to lipid outcomes (cell cycle regulation in jejunum, and gluconeogenesis in liver).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14020083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T20:36:27Z","timestamp":1642970187000},"page":"83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Tissular Genomic Responses to Oral FB1 Exposure in Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"L\u00e9onie","family":"Dopavogui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1986-2770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaud","family":"Polizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Fougerat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Gourbeyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2185-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Terciolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Klement","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2638-2548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Pinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00eblle","family":"Laffite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Cossalter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9560-8868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Denis","family":"Bailly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1946-5310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Puel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4717-078X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannick","family":"Lippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Naylies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Guillou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9918-277X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle P.","family":"Oswald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3783-0879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Loiseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cano, P.M., Puel, O., and Oswald, I.P. (2016). Mycotoxins: Fungal Secondary Metabolites with Toxic Properties, in: Fungi: Applications and Management Strategies, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nnadi, N.E., and Carter, D.A. (2021). Climate change and the emergence of fungal pathogens. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009503"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-010-9634-9","article-title":"Fusarium species and mycotoxin profiles on commercial maize hybrids in Germany","volume":"128","author":"Goertz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"e05242","article-title":"Risks for animal health related to the presence of fumonisins, their modified forms and hidden forms in feed","volume":"16","author":"Knutsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"European Commission (2006). Commission Recommendation of 17 August 2006 on the presence of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 and fumonisins in products intended for animal feeding. Off. J. Eur. Union, 2006, 576."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_6.1","unstructured":"European Commission (2007). Commission Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_6.2","unstructured":"(EC) No 1126\/2007 of 28 September 2007 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs as regards Fusarium toxins in maize and maize products. Off. J. Eur. Union, 2007, 1126."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terciolo, C., Bracarense, A.P., Souto, P.C., Cossalter, A.-M., Dopavogui, L., Loiseau, N., Oliveira, C.A.F., Pinton, P., and Oswald, I.P. (2019). Fumonisins at Doses below EU Regulatory Limits Induce Histological Alterations in Piglets. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11090548"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"The food contaminant fumonisin B1reduces the maturation of porcine CD11R1+intestinal antigen presenting cells and antigen-specific immune responses, leading to a prolonged intestinal ETEC infection","volume":"40","author":"Devriendt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Veter-Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2005.05.012","article-title":"Oral exposure to culture material extract containing fumonisins predisposes swine to the development of pneumonitis caused by Pasteurellamultocida","volume":"213","author":"Halloy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2007.03.031","article-title":"Fumonisin B1 exposure and its selective effect on porcine jejunal segment: Sphingolipids, glycolipids and trans-epithelial passage disturbance","volume":"74","author":"Loiseau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14486","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)98712-0","article-title":"Inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis by fumonisins. Implications for diseases associated with Fusarium moniliforme","volume":"266","author":"Wang","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2012.02.007","article-title":"The low intestinal and hepatic toxicity of hydrolyzed fumonisin B1 correlates with its inability to alter the metabolism of sphingolipids","volume":"83","author":"Grenier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1993.1015","article-title":"Alteration of Tissue and Serum Sphinganine to Sphingosine Ratio: An Early Biomarker of Exposure to Fumonisin-Containing Feeds in Pigs","volume":"118","author":"Riley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2006.05.018","article-title":"Mycotoxin fumonisin B1 selectively down-regulates the basal IL-8 expression in pig intestine: In vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"44","author":"Bouhet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6711","DOI":"10.1021\/jf400213q","article-title":"Biotransformation Approaches To Alleviate the Effects Induced by Fusarium Mycotoxins in Swine","volume":"61","author":"Grenier","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00e9gnier, M., Gourbeyre, P., Pinton, P., Napper, S., Laffite, J., Cossalter, A., Bailly, J., Lippi, Y., Bertrand-Michel, J., and Bracarense, A.P.F. (2017). Identification of Signaling Pathways Targeted by the Food Contaminant FB1: Transcriptome and Kinome Analysis of Samples from Pig Liver and Intestine. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 61.","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700433"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-018-2345-2","article-title":"The protective role of liver X receptor (LXR) during fumonisin B1-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"93","author":"Polizzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.027","article-title":"Consumption of fumonisin B1 for 9 days induces stress proteins along the gastrointestinal tract of pigs","volume":"55","author":"Lessard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147405","article-title":"Fumonisin B1 triggers carcinogenesis via HDAC\/PI3K\/Akt signalling pathway in human esophageal epithelial cells","volume":"787","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.105023","article-title":"Intestinal Physiology and Peptidase Activity in Male Pigs Are Modulated by Consumption of Corn Culture Extracts Containing Fumonisins","volume":"139","author":"Lessard","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5040841","article-title":"Effect of Low Dose of Fumonisins on Pig Health: Immune Status, Intestinal Microbiota and Sensitivity to Salmonella","volume":"5","author":"Burel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfi086","article-title":"Mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 Alters the Cytokine Profile and Decreases the Vaccinal Antibody Titer in Pigs","volume":"84","author":"Taranu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20061773","article-title":"Sex-related differences in the immune response of weanling piglets exposed to low doses of fumonisin extract","volume":"95","author":"Marin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013006","DOI":"10.14252\/foodsafetyfscj.2013006","article-title":"Fumonisin Toxicity and Mechanism of Action: Overview and Current Perspectives","volume":"1","author":"Voss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030010021486","article-title":"A quantitative risk assessment for fumonisins B1and B2in US corn","volume":"18","author":"Humphreys","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200600266","article-title":"The intestine as a possible target for fumonisin toxicity","volume":"51","author":"Bouhet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mateos, I., Combes, S., Pascal, G., Cauquil, L., Barilly, C., Cossalter, A.-M., Laffitte, J., Botti, S., Pinton, P., and Oswald, I.P. (2018). Fumonisin-Exposure Impairs Age-Related Ecological Succession of Bacterial Species in Weaned Pig Gut Microbiota. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10060230"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"e05172","article-title":"Appropriateness to set a group health-based guidance value for fumonisins and their modified forms","volume":"16","author":"Knutsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00497283","article-title":"Characterization of fumonisin toxicity in orally and intravenously dosed swine","volume":"117","author":"Haschek","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-014-1323-6","article-title":"New insights into the organ-specific adverse effects of fumonisin B1: Comparison between lung and liver","volume":"89","author":"Loiseau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1556\/2060.103.2016.3.5","article-title":"Oral administration of fumonisin B1and T-2 individually and in combination affects hepatic total and mitochondrial membrane lipid profile of rabbits","volume":"103","author":"Bajzik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2016.04.006","article-title":"Differential modulation of the lipid metabolism as a model for cellular resistance to fumonisin B1\u2013induced cytotoxic effects in vitro","volume":"109","author":"Riedel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511004946","article-title":"Chronic ingestion of deoxynivalenol and fumonisin, alone or in interaction, induces morphological and immunological changes in the intestine of piglets","volume":"107","author":"Bracarense","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030701546180","article-title":"Absorption, distribution and elimination of fumonisin B(1) metabolites in weaned piglets","volume":"25","author":"Fodor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.2527\/2005.8381939x","article-title":"Activated carbon does not prevent the toxicity of culture material containing fumonisin B1 when fed to weanling piglets1","volume":"83","author":"Piva","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2008.02.003","article-title":"Subclinical doses of T-2 toxin impair acquired immune response and liver cytochrome P450 in pigs","volume":"247","author":"Meissonnier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29105","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29105","article-title":"Microbial biotransformation of DON: Molecular basis for reduced toxicity","volume":"6","author":"Pierron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132415","article-title":"Intestinal toxicity of the new type A trichothecenes, NX and 3ANX","volume":"288","author":"Pierron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/30.1.207","article-title":"Gene Expression Omnibus: NCBI gene expression and hybridization array data repository","volume":"30","author":"Edgar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W90","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw377","article-title":"Enrichr: A comprehensive gene set enrichment analysis web server 2016 update","volume":"44","author":"Kuleshov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.90","article-title":"Gene Set Knowledge Discovery with Enrichr","volume":"1","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09234-6","article-title":"Metascape provides a biologist-oriented resource for the analysis of systems-level datasets","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/14\/2\/83\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:05:52Z","timestamp":1760133952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/14\/2\/83"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins14020083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins14020083","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]]}}}