{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:41:15Z","timestamp":1792003275455,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006245","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 106-2314-B-002-180-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 106-2314-B-002-180-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006245","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["109-2314-B-002-114-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2314-B-002-114-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006245","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["109-2314-B-002-127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2314-B-002-127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-resolution ultrasound is preferred as the first-line imaging modality for evaluation of superficial soft tissues, such as the facial muscles. In contrast to magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography, which require specifically designated planes (axial, coronal and sagittal) for imaging, the ultrasound transducer can be navigated based on the alignment of facial muscles. Botulinum toxin injections are widely used in facial cosmetic procedures in recent times. Ultrasonography is recognized as a useful tool for pre-procedure localization of target muscles. In this pictorial review, we discuss the detailed sonoanatomy of facial muscles and their clinical relevance, particularly with regard to botulinum toxin injections. Furthermore, we have summarized the findings of clinical studies that report ultrasonographic imaging of facial muscles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14020101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T22:01:57Z","timestamp":1643320917000},"page":"101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Ultrasound Imaging of the Facial Muscles and Relevance with Botulinum Toxin Injections: A Pictorial Essay and Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wei-Ting","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei 10845, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7558-5651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke-Vin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei 10845, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Wang-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11600, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiang-Chi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407219, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan-Rong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei 10845, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5599-7125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen-Hsiang","family":"Kuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Ting","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei 10845, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling-Ying","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei 10845, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunn-Jy","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Der-Sheng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei 10845, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2713-4071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Levent","family":"\u00d6z\u00e7akar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71378-z","article-title":"Ultrasound measurements of superficial and deep masticatory muscles in various postures: Reliability and influencers","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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