{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:46:11Z","timestamp":1767339971795,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006743","name":"Allergan (Germany)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N037.0418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N037.0418"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006743","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim of this study was to investigate the long-term results of botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) injections for the treatment of benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) and to report our experience with (ultra-)long-term treatment with onabotulinumtoxin-A. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis at a university hospital. Patients with BEB and BoNT-A treatment were assigned to the Total Blepharospasm Group, patients with \u226521 onabotulinumtoxin-A injections to the Ona Long-Term Group. The Total Blepharospasm Group (n = 1940) included 33,933 BoNT-A injections. The age of patients at symptom onset was (mean \u00b1 SD) 58.0 \u00b1 13.1 years, and 70.4% were female. The Ona long-term group (n = 234) included 10,632 onabotulinumtoxin-A injections. In this group, patients received 45.4 \u00b1 22.9 injections with a mean dose of 22.2 IU \u00b1 0.5. The duration of treatment was 12.6 \u00b1 5.4 years, ranging from 2.9 to 30.0 years. The effect\u2013duration\u2013dose quotient did not change during long-term treatment. The observed side effects were comparable in type and frequency to other studies, even with the (ultra-)long treatment with onabotulinumtoxin-A. Our results, based on one of the largest patient populations and a treatment duration of up to 30 years, impressively demonstrate that onabotulinumtoxin-A is a safe and effective therapy for essential blepharospasm, even in the ultra-long term.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14020120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T20:36:42Z","timestamp":1644266202000},"page":"120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ultra-Long-Term Therapy of Benign Essential Blepharospasm with Botulinumtoxin A\u201430 Years of Experience in a Tertiary Care Center"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7767-114X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Wabbels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Street 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Fimmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Roggenk\u00e4mper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Street 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/01.iio.0000167238.26526.a8","article-title":"Benign essential blepharospasm","volume":"45","author":"McCann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. 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