{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T10:05:49Z","timestamp":1791885949659,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Croatia","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ENI\/2018\/398-295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ENI\/2018\/398-295"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pufferfishes are among the best-known marine organisms that accumulate marine biotoxins such as Tetrodotoxin (TTX). In the Mediterranean Sea, the silver-cheeked toadfish Lagocephalus sceleratus is the most reported TTX-bearer, causing many fatal and non-fatal cases. In Lebanon, no previous studies have measured TTX levels although the possibility of TTX-poisoning is high since L. sceleratus is caught in different sizes and can be mistaken with other small fishes. Hence, this study reports TTX and its analogue 4,9-anhydro TTX in L. sceleratus collected from Lebanese waters in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. The results show that TTX concentrations in fish tissues varied between 0.10 and 252.97 \u00b5g\/g, while those of 4,9-anhydro TTX oscillated between 0.01 and 43.01 \u00b5g\/g. Internal organs of L. sceleratus were the most toxic parts of its body, with the highest TTX levels found in gonads (mainly ovaries) and liver, followed by the muscles and skin with concentrations always exceeding the safety level. Toxicity fluctuations of L. sceleratus, its expansion, ecological and economic effects were also elucidated. Based on the present findings, it has been confirmed that L. sceleratus constitutes a health, ecological and economic risks, and therefore its trade in seafood markets should be banned to avoid any potential intoxication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14020123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T23:42:20Z","timestamp":1644363740000},"page":"123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Concentrations of Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and Its Analogue 4,9-Anhydro TTX in Different Tissues of the Silver-Cheeked Pufferfish (Lagocephalus sceleratus, Gmelin, 1789) Caught in the South-Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Lebanon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1940-215X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abed El Rahman","family":"Hassoun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific Research, National Center for Marine Sciences, Batroun P.O. Box 534, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6686-1418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Ujevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Plankton and Shellfish Toxicity, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, \u0160etali\u0161te Ivana Me\u0161trovi\u0107a 63, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharif","family":"Jemaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific Research, National Center for Marine Sciences, Batroun P.O. Box 534, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9270-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romana","family":"Roje-Busatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Plankton and Shellfish Toxicity, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, \u0160etali\u0161te Ivana Me\u0161trovi\u0107a 63, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Mahfouz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific Research, National Center for Marine Sciences, Batroun P.O. Box 534, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milad","family":"Fakhri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific Research, National Center for Marine Sciences, Batroun P.O. Box 534, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nik\u0161a","family":"Nazli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Plankton and Shellfish Toxicity, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, \u0160etali\u0161te Ivana Me\u0161trovi\u0107a 63, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142542","article-title":"Occurrence of domoic acid and cyclic imines in marine biota from Lebanon-Eastern Mediterranean Sea","volume":"755","author":"Hassoun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"145","article-title":"TTX accumulation in pufferfish","volume":"1","author":"Noguchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part D Genom. 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