{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T02:44:58Z","timestamp":1788921898973,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002749","name":"Belgian Federal Science Policy Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BL\/02\/LeapAgri 01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BL\/02\/LeapAgri 01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["290459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["290459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fumonisins, a group of highly prevalent and toxic mycotoxins, are suspected to be causal agents of several diseases in animals and humans. In the animal feed industry, fumonisin esterase is used as feed additive to prevent mycotoxicosis caused by fumonisins. In humans, a popular dosage form for dietary supplements, with high patient acceptance for oral intake, is capsule ingestion. Thus, fumonisin esterase provided in a capsule could be an effective strategy against fumonisin intoxication in humans. To determine the efficacy of fumonisin esterase through capsule ingestion, two modes of application were compared using piglets in a small-scale preliminary study. The enzyme was administered intraorally (in-feed analogue) or intragastrically (capsule analogue), in combination with fumonisin B1 (FB1). Biomarkers for FB1 exposure; namely FB1, hydrolysed FB1 (HFB1) and partially hydrolysed forms (pHFB1a and pHFB1b), were measured both in serum and faeces using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) method, and toxicokinetic parameters were calculated. Additionally, the serum sphinganine\/sphingosine (Sa\/So) ratio, a biomarker of effect, was determined using LC-MS\/MS. A significantly higher Sa\/So ratio was shown in the placebo group compared to both esterase treatments, demonstrating the efficacy of the esterase. Moreover, a significant decrease in serum FB1 area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and an increase of faecal HFB1 AUC were observed after intraoral esterase administration. However, these effects were not observed with statistical significance after intragastric esterase administration with the current sample size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14020136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T20:35:28Z","timestamp":1644784528000},"page":"136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Efficacy of Fumonisin Esterase in Piglets as Animal Model for Fumonisin Detoxification in Humans: Pilot Study Comparing Intraoral to Intragastric Administration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kaat","family":"Neckermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Food Sciences and Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8832-1498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunther","family":"Antonissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Doupovec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dian","family":"Schatzmayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Gathumbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi 00625, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Delcenserie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Sciences and Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6419-9563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio","family":"Uhlig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6357-3517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siska","family":"Croubels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1658570","article-title":"Worldwide contamination of food-crops with mycotoxins: Validity of the widely cited \u2018FAO estimate\u2019 of 25%","volume":"60","author":"Eskola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. 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