{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T10:39:32Z","timestamp":1785235172709,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SPANISH MINISTERIO DE CIENCIA E INNOVACI\u00d3N","award":["PID2019-104890RB-I00 MICIN\/ AEI\/10.13039\/ 501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-104890RB-I00 MICIN\/ AEI\/10.13039\/ 501100011033"]}]},{"name":"SPANISH MINISTERIO DE CIENCIA E INNOVACI\u00d3N","award":["PRE2020-094412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE2020-094412"]}]},{"name":"VIPPIT-US","award":["VIPPIT-2021-II.3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VIPPIT-2021-II.3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a ubiquitous cyanotoxin showing increasing incidence worldwide. CYN has been classified as a cytotoxin and, among its toxic effects, its immunotoxicity is scarcely studied. This work investigates for the first time the influence of oral CYN exposure (18.75; 37.5 and 75 \u00b5g\/kg b.w.\/day, for 28 days) on the mRNA expression of selected interleukin (IL) genes (IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IL-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), Interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3)) in the thymus and the spleen of male and female rats, by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Moreover, their serum levels were also measured by a multiplex-bead-based immunoassay, and a histopathological study was performed. CYN produced immunomodulation mainly in the thymus of rats exposed to 75 \u03bcg CYN\/kg b.w.\/day in both sexes. However, in the spleen only IL-1\u03b2 and IL-2 (males), and TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3 (females) expression was modified after CYN exposure. Only female rats exposed to 18.75 \u03bcg CYN\/kg b.w.\/day showed a significant decrease in TNF-\u03b1 serum levels. There were no significant differences in the weight or histopathology in the organs studied. Further research is needed to obtain a deeper view of the molecular mechanisms involved in CYN immunotoxicity and its consequences on long-term exposures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14020144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T22:44:57Z","timestamp":1644965097000},"page":"144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Immunomodulatory Effects of Pure Cylindrospermopsin in Rats Orally Exposed for 28 Days"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3523-9287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leticia","family":"Diez-Quijada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Casas-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6714-4461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remedios","family":"Guzm\u00e1n-Guill\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8850-7388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Molina-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2101-5204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael G.","family":"Albaladejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1524-748X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"Came\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7546-3294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angeles","family":"Jos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-019-02524-4","article-title":"Global geographical and historical overview of cyanotoxin distribution and cyanobacterial poisonings","volume":"93","author":"Sverker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. 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