{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T06:11:45Z","timestamp":1789020705540,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009053","name":"Wellcome Trust\/DBT India Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IA\/I\/19\/2\/504647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA\/I\/19\/2\/504647"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001342","name":"Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SR\/FST\/LS-II\/2018\/233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SR\/FST\/LS-II\/2018\/233"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001342","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snake envenoming afflicts the Indian subcontinent with the highest rates of mortality (47,000) and morbidity globally. The only effective treatment for snakebites is the administration of antivenom, which is produced by the hyperimmunisation of equines. Commercial Indian antivenoms, however, have been shown to exhibit a poor preclinical performance in neutralising venom, as a result of inter- and intrapopulation snake venom variation. Additionally, their poor dose effectiveness necessitates the administration of larger volumes of antivenom for treatment, leading to several harmful side effects in snakebite victims, including serum sickness and fatal anaphylaxis. In this study, we employed chromatographic purification to enhance the dose efficacy of commercial Indian antivenoms. The efficacy of this \u2018second-generation\u2019 antivenom was comparatively evaluated against six other marketed antivenoms using a number of in vitro and in vivo preclinical assays, which revealed its superior venom recognition capability. Enhanced purity also resulted in significant improvements in dose effectiveness, as the \u2018second-generation\u2019 antivenom exhibited a 3 to 4.5 times increased venom neutralisation potential. Furthermore, preclinical assays revealed the increased effectiveness of the \u2018second-generation\u2019 antivenom in countering morbid effects inflicted by the \u2018big four\u2019 Indian snakes. Thus, we demonstrate the role of simpler purification steps in significantly enhancing the effectiveness of snakebite therapy in regions that are most affected by snakebites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14030168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T21:11:52Z","timestamp":1645737112000},"page":"168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Preclinical Evaluation of a Second-Generation Antivenom for Treating Snake Envenoming in India"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2632-6837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saurabh","family":"Attarde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0461-9129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashwin","family":"Iyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1166-0234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suyog","family":"Khochare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umesh","family":"Shaligram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., 212\/2, Hadapsar, Off Soli Poonawalla Road, Pune 411028, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayur","family":"Vikharankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., 212\/2, Hadapsar, Off Soli Poonawalla Road, Pune 411028, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0998-1581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kartik","family":"Sunagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40409-017-0127-6","article-title":"Snakebite envenomation turns again into a neglected tropical disease!","volume":"23","author":"Chippaux","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. 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