{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T10:39:28Z","timestamp":1785235168582,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y competitividad of Spain","award":["AGL2015-64558-R, MINECO\/FEDER, UE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2015-64558-R, MINECO\/FEDER, UE"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["PID2019-104890RB-I00 MICIN\/ AEI \/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-104890RB-I00 MICIN\/ AEI \/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["PhD fellowships from FPU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD fellowships from FPU"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanotoxin whose incidence has been increasing in the last decades. Due to its capacity to exert damage at different levels of the organism, it is considered a cytotoxin. Although the main target organ is the liver, recent studies indicate that CYN has potential toxic effects on the nervous system, both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the aim of the present work was to study the effects of this cyanotoxin on neuronal viability and synaptic integrity in murine primary cultures of neurons exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (0\u20131 \u00b5g\/mL CYN) for 12, 24, and 48 h. The results demonstrate a concentration- and time-dependent decrease in cell viability; no cytotoxicity was detected after exposure to the cyanotoxin for 12 h, while all of the concentrations assayed decreased this parameter after 48 h. Furthermore, CYN was also demonstrated to exert damage at the synaptic level in a murine primary neuronal culture in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. These data highlight the importance of studying the neurotoxic properties of this cyanotoxin in different experimental models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14030175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:49:03Z","timestamp":1645994943000},"page":"175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cytotoxicity and Effects on the Synapsis Induced by Pure Cylindrospermopsin in an E17 Embryonic Murine Primary Neuronal Culture in a Concentration- and Time-Dependent Manner"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda G.","family":"Hinojosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5157-4763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana I.","family":"Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4484-9802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedicine Institute of Sevilla (IBiS), Universitary Hospital Virgen del Roc\u00edo\/CSIC\/University of Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center in Network on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9156-4327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda V.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Mico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedicine Institute of Sevilla (IBiS), Universitary Hospital Virgen del Roc\u00edo\/CSIC\/University of Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center in Network on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Vitorica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedicine Institute of Sevilla (IBiS), Universitary Hospital Virgen del Roc\u00edo\/CSIC\/University of Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center in Network on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1524-748X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Came\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7546-3294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngeles","family":"Jos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2012.07.087","article-title":"Development and optimization of a method for the determination of Cylindrospermopsin production from strain of Aphanizomenon cultures: Intra-laboratory assessment of its accuracy by using validation standards","volume":"100","author":"Moreno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meriluoto, J., Spoof, L., and Codd, G.A. 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