{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:56:19Z","timestamp":1760151379901,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For the past two decades, botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT\/A) has been described as a strong candidate in the treatment of pain. With the production of modified toxins and the potential new applications at the visceral level, there is a real need for tools allowing the assessment of these compounds. In this study, we evaluated the jejunal mesenteric afferent nerve assay to investigate BoNT\/A effects on visceral nociception. This ex vivo model allowed the continuous recording of neuronal activity in response to various stimuli. BoNT\/A was applied intraluminally during three successive distensions, and the jejunum was distended every 15 min for 3 h. Finally, samples were exposed to external capsaicin. BoNT\/A intoxication was validated at the molecular level with the presence of cleaved synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 (SNAP25) in nerve terminals in the mucosa and musculosa layers 3 h after treatment. BoNT\/A had a progressive inhibitory effect on multiunit discharge frequency induced by jejunal distension, with a significant decrease from 1 h after application without change in jejunal compliance. The capsaicin-induced discharge was also affected by the toxin. This assay allowed the description of an inhibitory effect of BoNT\/A on afferent nerve activity in response to distension and capsaicin, suggesting BoNT\/A could alleviate visceral nociception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14030205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T21:44:17Z","timestamp":1647207857000},"page":"205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Isolated Mouse Jejunal Afferent Nerve Assay as a Tool to Assess the Effect of Botulinum Neurotoxins in Visceral Nociception"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7506-4859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Retailleau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IPSEN Innovation, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPSEN Innovation, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3412-4058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephane","family":"Lezmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPSEN Innovation, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9803-1053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camille","family":"Nicoleau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPSEN Innovation, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2512-5593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacquie","family":"Maignel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPSEN Innovation, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins4111196","article-title":"Emerging opportunities for serotypes of botulinum neurotoxins","volume":"4","author":"Morris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.116.012658","article-title":"Botulinum Neurotoxins: Biology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology","volume":"69","author":"Pirazzini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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