{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:20:47Z","timestamp":1790630447423,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks are caused by the ingestion of food contaminated with staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). Among the 27 SEs described in the literature to date, only a few can be detected using immuno-enzymatic-based methods that are strongly dependent on the availability of antibodies. Liquid chromatography, coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), has, therefore, been put forward as a relevant complementary method, but only for the detection of a limited number of enterotoxins. In this work, LC-HRMS was developed for the detection and quantification of 24 SEs. A database of 93 specific signature peptides and LC-HRMS parameters was optimized using sequences from 24 SEs, including their 162 variants. A label-free quantification protocol was established to overcome the absence of calibration standards. The LC-HRMS method showed high performance in terms of specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy when applied to 49 enterotoxin-producing strains. SE concentrations measured depended on both SE type and the coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) strain. This study indicates that LC-MS is a relevant alternative and complementary tool to ELISA methods. The advantages of LC-MS clearly lie in both the multiplex analysis of a large number of SEs, and the automated analysis of a high number of samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14040249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T21:29:15Z","timestamp":1648762155000},"page":"249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Multiplex Detection of 24 Staphylococcal Enterotoxins in Culture Supernatant Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Donatien","family":"Lefebvre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 91191 Maisons-Alfort, France"},{"name":"CEA, INRAE, D\u00e9partement M\u00e9dicaments et Technologies pour la Sant\u00e9 (DMTS), SPI, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Blanco-Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 91191 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques-Antoine","family":"Hennekinne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 91191 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6071-8255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEA, INRAE, D\u00e9partement M\u00e9dicaments et Technologies pour la Sant\u00e9 (DMTS), SPI, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6787-4149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Fenaille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEA, INRAE, D\u00e9partement M\u00e9dicaments et Technologies pour la Sant\u00e9 (DMTS), SPI, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1075-9980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Becher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEA, INRAE, D\u00e9partement M\u00e9dicaments et Technologies pour la Sant\u00e9 (DMTS), SPI, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7550-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yacine","family":"Nia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 91191 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.4315\/0022-2747-39.6.432","article-title":"Thermal Stability of Enterotoxins in Food","volume":"39","author":"Tatini","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. 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