{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T13:51:49Z","timestamp":1790517109485,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale Previdenza Sociale","award":["PID2020-114668RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-114668RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Istituto Nazionale Previdenza Sociale","award":["RYC-2015-18961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC-2015-18961"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["PID2020-114668RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-114668RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["RYC-2015-18961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC-2015-18961"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To cope with the rising food demand, modern agriculture practices are based on the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals. Although this strategy leads to a temporary solution, it also severely damages the environment, representing a risk to human health. A sustainable alternative to agrochemicals is the use of plant metabolites and plant-based pesticides, known to have minimal environmental impact compared to synthetic pesticides. Retama raetam is a shrub growing in Algeria\u2019s desert areas, where it is commonly used in traditional medicine because of its antiseptic and antipyretic properties. Furthermore, its allelopathic features can be exploited to effectively control phytopathogens in the agricultural field. In this study, six compounds belonging to isoflavones and flavones subgroups have been isolated from the R. raetam dichloromethane extract and identified using spectroscopic and optical methods as alpinumisoflavone, hydroxyalpinumisoflavone, laburnetin, licoflavone C, retamasin B, and ephedroidin. Their antifungal activity was evaluated against the fungal phytopathogen Stemphylium vesicarium using a growth inhibition bioassay on PDA plates. Interestingly, the flavonoid laburnetin, the most active metabolite, displayed an inhibitory activity comparable to that exerted by the synthetic fungicide pentachloronitrobenzene, in a ten-fold lower concentration. The allelopathic activity of R. raetam metabolites against parasitic weeds was also investigated using two independent parasitic weed bioassays to discover potential activities on either suicidal stimulation or radicle growth inhibition of broomrapes. In this latter bioassay, ephedroidin strongly inhibited the growth of Orobanche cumana radicles and, therefore, can be proposed as a natural herbicide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14050311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T23:52:30Z","timestamp":1651189950000},"page":"311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Specialized Metabolites from the Allelopathic Plant Retama raetam as Potential Biopesticides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Soriano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8473-0948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Petrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0609-8902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Masi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mabrouka","family":"Bouafiane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Protection des Ecosyst\u00e8mes en Zones Arides et Semi-Arides, Universit\u2019e Kasdi Merbah-Ouargla, Ouargla 30000, Algeria"},{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aminata","family":"Khelil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Protection des Ecosyst\u00e8mes en Zones Arides et Semi-Arides, Universit\u2019e Kasdi Merbah-Ouargla, Ouargla 30000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Tuzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachele","family":"Isticato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2650-1017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Aparicio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Breeding, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), CSIC, Avenida Men\u00e9ndez Pidal s\/n, 14004 C\u1f79rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1551-4237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Cimmino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715678","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.715678","article-title":"Genomic and physiological characterization of Bacilli isolated from salt-pans with plant growth promoting features","volume":"12","author":"Petrillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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