{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T22:11:08Z","timestamp":1782943868042,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2013Brazil (CNPQ)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["311182\/2017-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311182\/2017-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2013Brazil (CNPQ)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRPq 03\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRPq 03\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Production and Research Center of Immunobiologicals, Department of Health of the State of Paran\u00e1","award":["311182\/2017-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311182\/2017-8"]}]},{"name":"Production and Research Center of Immunobiologicals, Department of Health of the State of Paran\u00e1","award":["PRPq 03\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRPq 03\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Pro-Rectory of Research of the Federal University of Minas Gerais","award":["311182\/2017-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311182\/2017-8"]}]},{"name":"Pro-Rectory of Research of the Federal University of Minas Gerais","award":["PRPq 03\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRPq 03\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bites of brown spiders (Loxosceles spp.) are responsible for dermonecrotic lesions and potentially systemic envenoming that can lead to death. The only effective therapy is the use of the antivenom, usually produced in horses. However, little is known about the consequences of the systematic use of the Loxosceles venom and adjuvants and of the bleedings on antivenom-producing horses. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical changes in horses in their first immunization protocol for Loxosceles antivenom production. Eleven healthy horses, never immunized, were evaluated in three different periods: T0 (before immunization); T1 (after their first venom immunization); and T2 (after their first bleeding). Horses were clinically evaluated, sampled for blood, and underwent electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings. Several suppurated subcutaneous abscesses occurred due to the use of Freund\u2019s adjuvants and thrombophlebitis due to systematic venipunctures for the bleeding procedures. ECG showed arrhythmias in few horses in T2, such as an increase in T and R waves. In summary, the immunization protocol impacted on horses\u2019 health, especially after bleeding for antivenom procurement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14050338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]],"date-time":"2022-05-15T09:48:22Z","timestamp":1652608102000},"page":"338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Clinical Effects of the Immunization Protocol Using Loxosceles Venom in Na\u00efve Horses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ana Lu\u00edsa Soares de","family":"Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary College, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30123-970, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Cesar","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health of the State of Paran\u00e1, Production and Research Center of Immunobiologicals, Piraquara 80230-140, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Carlos","family":"Minozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health of the State of Paran\u00e1, Production and Research Center of Immunobiologicals, Piraquara 80230-140, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2521-1114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina de Almeida","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Fl\u00e1via Machado","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Campus Samambaia, Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6247-2255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco T\u00falio Gomes","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary College, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30123-970, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Delfin","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Ol\u00f3rtegui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3861-1838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benito","family":"Soto-Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary College, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30123-970, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.07.012","article-title":"Brown spiders and loxoscelism","volume":"44","author":"Appel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2005.11.006","article-title":"Loxoscelism","volume":"24","author":"Swanson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. 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