{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T17:21:15Z","timestamp":1781716875366,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009053","name":"Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IA\/I\/19\/2\/504647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA\/I\/19\/2\/504647"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009053","name":"Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13\/093\/002 AVRU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/093\/002 AVRU"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) research fellowship","award":["IA\/I\/19\/2\/504647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA\/I\/19\/2\/504647"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) research fellowship","award":["13\/093\/002 AVRU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/093\/002 AVRU"]}]},{"name":"National Health and medical Council of Australia","award":["IA\/I\/19\/2\/504647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA\/I\/19\/2\/504647"]}]},{"name":"National Health and medical Council of Australia","award":["13\/093\/002 AVRU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/093\/002 AVRU"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Venom is a dynamic trait that has contributed to the success of numerous organismal lineages. Predominantly composed of proteins, these complex cocktails are deployed for predation and\/or self-defence. Many non-toxic physiological proteins have been convergently and recurrently recruited by venomous animals into their toxin arsenal. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is one such protein and features in the venoms of many organisms across the animal kingdom, including snakes of the families Elapidae and Viperidae. Understanding the evolutionary history of this superfamily would therefore provide insight into the origin and diversification of venom toxins and the evolution of novelty more broadly. The literature is replete with studies that have identified diversifying selection as the sole influence on PLA2 evolution. However, these studies have largely neglected the structural\/functional constraints on PLA2s, and the ecology and evolutionary histories of the diverse snake lineages that produce them. By considering these crucial factors and employing evolutionary analyses integrated with a schema for the classification of PLA2s, we uncovered lineage-specific differences in selection regimes. Thus, our work provides novel insights into the evolution of this major snake venom toxin superfamily and underscores the importance of considering the influence of evolutionary and ecological contexts on molecular evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14060420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T23:11:19Z","timestamp":1655939479000},"page":"420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Contextual Constraints: Dynamic Evolution of Snake Venom Phospholipase A2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6521-8850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivek","family":"Suranse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Venomics Laboratory, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy N. W.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0998-1581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kartik","family":"Sunagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Venomics Laboratory, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2019.00332","article-title":"Snake venom in context: Neglected clades and concepts","volume":"7","author":"Jackson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. 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