{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:41:59Z","timestamp":1788586919246,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Innovation Capacity Construction Special Funds of the Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, China","award":["KJCX20210437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJCX20210437"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abamectin, produced by the soil-dwelling actinomycete Streptomyces avermitilis, belongs to the macrocyclic lactones class of pesticides, has nematocidal, acaricidal, and insecticidal activity, and is highly effective when used against targeted species. Bemisia tabaci, the tobacco whitefly, is a highly destructive insect to agricultural production worldwide, and various insecticide-resistant strains have been identified in China. Here, we monitored levels of resistance to abamectin in twelve field-collected B. tabaci populations from northern China, and confirmed that, compared with the lab reference strain, six field populations exhibited strong abamectin resistance, while the other six exhibited low-to-medium resistance. Among these, the Xinzheng (XZ) population displayed about a 40-fold increased resistance to abamectin, and experienced significant cross-resistance to chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid. The abamectin resistance of XZ was found to be autosomal and incompletely dominant. Metabolic enzyme and synergism tests were conducted, and two metabolic enzymes, glutathione S-transferase and P450 monooxygenase, were found to be conducive to the field-developed abamectin resistance of the XZ population. The above results provide valuable information that can be used in identifying new pest control strategies and delaying the evolution of resistance to abamectin in field populations of whiteflies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14070424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T23:11:19Z","timestamp":1655939479000},"page":"424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Metabolic Resistance in Abamectin-Resistant Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean from Northern China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ran","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6319-0839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Biotechnology Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wunan","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pesticide Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinda","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.2174\/138920112800399095","article-title":"History of avermectin and ivermectin, with notes on the history of other macrocyclic lactone antiparasitic agents","volume":"13","author":"Campbell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.40.010195.000245","article-title":"Resistance to avermectins extent, mechanisms, and management implications","volume":"40","author":"Clark","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2010.02.002","article-title":"Multiple resistance mechanisms to abamectin in the two-spotted spider mite","volume":"13","author":"Kwon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Asia Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1885","article-title":"Characterisation of abamectin resistance in a field-evolved multiresistant population of Plutella xylostella","volume":"66","author":"Pu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2019.104903","article-title":"Characterization of abamectin resistance in Iranian populations of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)","volume":"125","author":"Rameshgar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toz315","article-title":"Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) insecticide resistance in Shandong Province, China","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2011.07.001","article-title":"Cross-resistance and biochemical mechanisms of abamectin resistance in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis","volume":"101","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2004.00529.x","article-title":"Insect glutathione transferases and insecticide resistance","volume":"14","author":"Enayati","year":"2005","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.12080","article-title":"Abamectin resistance in strains of vegetable leafminer, Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is linked to elevated glutathione S-transferase activity","volume":"22","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2022.105050","article-title":"Identification and characterization of glutathione S-transferases and their potential roles in detoxification of abamectin in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis","volume":"182","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.022508.092135","article-title":"Insect vector interactions with persistently transmitted viruses","volume":"46","author":"Hogenhout","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-112408-085504","article-title":"Bemisia tabaci: A statement of species status","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"759","article-title":"The use of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase mt COI gene sequences for the identification of biotypes of Bemisiatabaci (Gennadius) in China","volume":"45","author":"Luo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Entomol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1653\/0015-4040(2006)89[168:TIOTEQ]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The introduction of the exotic Q biotype of Bemisia tabaci from the Mediterranean region into China on ornamental crops","volume":"89","author":"Chu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fla. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2023","article-title":"Biotype and insecticide resistance status of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci from China","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1603\/EC11009","article-title":"Further spread of and domination by Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype Q on field crops in China","volume":"104","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1890\/14-0752.1","article-title":"Insecticides promote viral outbreaks in China by altering herbivore competition","volume":"25","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2009.10.001","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in Bemisia tabaci biotype Q (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from China","volume":"29","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-020-01210-0","article-title":"Insecticide resistance and its management in Bemisia tabaci species","volume":"93","author":"Horowitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pest Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Mota-Sanchez, D., and Wise, J.C. (2022, January 10). The Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database. Michigan State University. Available online: http:\/\/www.pesticideresistance."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2017.04.009","article-title":"Field resistance monitoring of the immature stages of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci to spirotetramat in China","volume":"98","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2016.11.035","article-title":"Dynamic monitoring (B versus Q) and further resistance status of Q type Bemisia tabaci in China","volume":"94","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(16)61613-1","article-title":"First report of field resistance to cyantraniliprole, a new anthranilic diamide insecticide, on Bemisia tabaci MED in China","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2017.02.012","article-title":"Baseline susceptibility and cross-resistance of cycloxaprid, a novel cis-nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide, in Bemisia tabaci MED from China","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2020.105132","article-title":"Baseline susceptibility and biochemical mechanism of resistance to flupyradifurone in Bemisia tabaci","volume":"132","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tox040","article-title":"Resistance monitoring for eight insecticides on the sweetpotato whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in China","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2021.105886","article-title":"Susceptibility levels of field populations of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to seven insecticides in China","volume":"153","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2018.07.008","article-title":"Status of pesticide resistance and associated mutations in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, in China","volume":"150","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2018.04.007","article-title":"The role of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in insecticide resistance in crop pests and disease vectors","volume":"27","author":"Pavlidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2015.11.002","article-title":"Characterization and functional analysis of a novel glutathione S-transferase gene potentially associated with the abamectin resistance in Panonychus citri (McGregor)","volume":"132","author":"Liao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.2006.01140.x","article-title":"Cross-resistance and biochemical mechanisms of abamectin resistance in the B-type Bemisia tabaci","volume":"131","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-3575(03)00053-1","article-title":"Differential susceptibility to abamectin and two bioactive avermectin analogs in abamectin-resistant and susceptible strains of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)","volume":"76","author":"Yoon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(19)62557-8","article-title":"Characterization of field-evolved resistance to cyantraniliprole in Bemisia tabaci MED from China","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1808","article-title":"Cross-resistance, inheritance and biochemical mechanisms of imidacloprid resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(20)63500-6","article-title":"Genetics and fitness costs of resistance to flupyradifurone in Bemisia tabaci from China","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.32.010187.002045","article-title":"Ecological genetics of insecticide and acaricide resistance","volume":"32","author":"Roush","year":"1987","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1540","article-title":"Inheritance of resistance to acrinathrin in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)","volume":"64","author":"Bielza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"325","article-title":"A formula for determining degree of dominance in cases of monofactorial inheritance of resistance to chemicals","volume":"38","author":"Stone","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/14\/7\/424\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:37:15Z","timestamp":1760139435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/14\/7\/424"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins14070424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins14070424","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]}}}