{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:16:22Z","timestamp":1790914582383,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pore forming alpha-toxin (hemolysin A, Hla) of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major virulence factor with relevance for the pathogenicity of this bacterium, which is involved in many cases of pneumonia and sepsis in humans. Until now, the presence of Hla in the body fluids of potentially infected humans could only be shown indirectly, e.g., by the presence of antibodies against Hla in serum samples or by hemolysis testing on blood agar plates of bacterial culture supernatants of the clinical isolates. In addition, nothing was known about the concentrations of Hla actually reached in the body fluids of the infected hosts. Western blot analyses on 36 samples of deep tracheal aspirates (DTA) isolated from 22 hospitalized sepsis patients using primary antibodies against different epitopes of the Hla molecule resulted in the identification of six samples from five patients containing monomeric Hla (approx. 33 kDa). Two of these samples showed also signals at the molecular mass of heptameric Hla (232 kDa). Semiquantitative analyses of the samples revealed that the concentrations of monomeric Hla ranged from 16 to 3200 ng\/mL. This is, to our knowledge, the first study directly showing the presence of S. aureus Hla in samples of airway surface liquid in human patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14070450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T01:40:36Z","timestamp":1656639636000},"page":"450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Staphylococcus aureus Alpha-Toxin in Deep Tracheal Aspirates\u2014Preliminary Evidence for Its Presence in the Lungs of Sepsis Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sabine","family":"Ziesemer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix Hausdorff-Strasse 1, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven-Olaf","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Greifswald, Ferdinand Sauerbruch-Strasse, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0511-8318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anke","family":"Hahnenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Greifswald, Ferdinand Sauerbruch-Strasse, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Gerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Greifswald, Ferdinand Sauerbruch-Strasse, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Lutjanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix Hausdorff-Strasse 1, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Gruendling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Greifswald, Ferdinand Sauerbruch-Strasse, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7827-8481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan-Peter","family":"Hildebrandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix Hausdorff-Strasse 1, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70295-4","article-title":"The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"5","author":"Wertheim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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