{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T10:16:11Z","timestamp":1782296171690,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Michigan"},{"name":"Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Fund award from the American Museum of Natural History"},{"name":"David and Lucile Packard Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many venomous animals express toxins that show extraordinary levels of variation both within and among species. In snakes, most studies of venom variation focus on front-fanged species in the families Viperidae and Elapidae, even though rear-fanged snakes in other families vary along the same ecological axes important to venom evolution. Here we characterized venom gland transcriptomes from 19 snakes across two dipsadine rear-fanged genera (Leptodeira and Helicops, Colubridae) and two front-fanged genera (Bothrops, Viperidae; Micrurus, Elapidae). We compared patterns of composition, variation, and diversity in venom transcripts within and among all four genera. Venom gland transcriptomes of rear-fanged Helicops and Leptodeira and front-fanged Micrurus are each dominated by expression of single toxin families (C-type lectins, snake venom metalloproteinase, and phospholipase A2, respectively), unlike highly diverse front-fanged Bothrops venoms. In addition, expression patterns of congeners are much more similar to each other than they are to species from other genera. These results illustrate the repeatability of simple venom profiles in rear-fanged snakes and the potential for relatively constrained venom composition within genera.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14070489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T01:53:22Z","timestamp":1658109202000},"page":"489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Divergent Specialization of Simple Venom Gene Profiles among Rear-Fanged Snake Genera (Helicops and Leptodeira, Dipsadinae, Colubridae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5275-5841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter A.","family":"Cerda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2794-2914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenna M.","family":"Crowe-Riddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA"},{"name":"School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deise J. P.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drew A.","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1495-2518","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Thomas F.","family":"Duda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4664-8246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison R.","family":"Davis Rabosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2012.10.020","article-title":"Complex Cocktails: The Evolutionary Novelty of Venoms","volume":"28","author":"Casewell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. 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