{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T04:38:51Z","timestamp":1780461531146,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]],"date-time":"2022-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"California Academy of Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bites from venomous marine annelid \u2018bloodworms\u2019 (e.g., Glycera spp.) do not appear to have been described in the medical literature despite being seemingly well-known to bait diggers and fishermen. The few laboratory study reports describe their venom composition and physiological effects in vitro to be primarily proteolytic enzymes and neurotoxins apparently used for predation and defense. Herein, we present the report of a symptomatic envenoming suffered by a marine ecologist bitten while performing her field research. The local effects included a rapid onset of pain, swelling, and numbness at the bite site \u201cas if injected with local anesthetic\u201d. Additional signs and symptoms appearing over a two-week period were consistent with both delayed venom effects and potentially secondary infection. The late signs and symptoms resolved during a course of antibiotic treatment with doxycycline prescribed as a precaution and lack of resources to consider a wound culture. Comments about annelid bites sporadically appear in the popular literature, especially pertaining to the fishing industry, under names such as \u2018bait-diggers hand\u2019. While these bites are not known to be dangerously venomous, they seem to produce painful local symptoms and possibly increase the risk of marine bacterial infections that could be associated with more serious outcomes. More cases need to be formally described to better understand the natural history of these types of envenomation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14070495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T01:53:22Z","timestamp":1658109202000},"page":"495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Envenoming by a Marine Blood Worm (Glycera)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1724-2275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela M.","family":"Durkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Exploration and Travel Health, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8919-0661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison N.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Ophirex, Incorporated, Corte Madera, CA 94925, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kent","family":"Khtikian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Ophirex, Incorporated, Corte Madera, CA 94925, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzana","family":"Karjala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Ophirex, Incorporated, Corte Madera, CA 94925, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arin L.","family":"Isenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Alamance Dermatology, Burlington, NC 27217, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6661-1283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan G.","family":"Fry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Evolution Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4480-9891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Lewin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Exploration and Travel Health, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA"},{"name":"Division of Research, Ophirex, Incorporated, Corte Madera, CA 94925, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/jtm.12115","article-title":"Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Following Marine Injuries and Exposures in Travelers","volume":"21","author":"Diaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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