{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T03:30:41Z","timestamp":1784604641038,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,24]],"date-time":"2022-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On a group level, satisfaction with botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) treatment in neurological indications is high. However, it is well known that a relevant amount of patients may not respond as expected. The aim of this study is to evaluate the BoNT treatment outcome on an individual level using a statistical single-case analysis as an adjunct to traditional group statistics. The course of the daily perceived severity of symptoms across a BoNT cycle was analyzed in 20 cervical dystonia (CD) and 15 hemifacial spasm (HFS) patients. A parametric single-case autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series analysis was used to detect individual responsiveness to BoNT treatment. Overall, both CD and HFS patients significantly responded to BoNT treatment with a gradual worsening of symptom intensities towards BoNT reinjection. However, only 8\/20 CD patients (40%) and 5\/15 HFS patients (33.3%) displayed the expected U-shaped curve of BoNT efficacy across a single treatment cycle. CD (but not HFS) patients who followed the expected outcome course had longer BoNT injection intervals, showed a better match to objective symptom assessments, and were characterized by a stronger certainty to control their somatic symptoms (i.e., internal medical locus of control). In addition to standard evaluation procedures, patients should be identified who do not follow the mean course-of-treatment effect. Thus, the ARIMA single-case time series analysis seems to be an appropriate addition to clinical treatment studies in order to detect individual courses of subjective symptom intensities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14080508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T04:52:47Z","timestamp":1658724767000},"page":"508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Individual Response to Botulinum Toxin Therapy in Movement Disorders: A Time Series Analysis Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bernd","family":"Leplow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Pohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3009-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"W\u00f6llner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEU\u2014Study Center of DIPLOMA University of Applied Science, D-39114 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Weise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Asklepios Fachklinikum Stadtroda, Bahnhofstr. 1a, D-07646 Stadtroda, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstra\u00dfe 23, D-04105 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02023","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2023","article-title":"Subjective versus objective symptom intensities ratings in cervical dystonia and hemifacial spasm across botulinum neurotoxic cycle","volume":"11","author":"Weise","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.5.608","article-title":"What are the determinants of quality of life in people with cervical dystonia?","volume":"72","author":"Camfield","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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