{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:56:46Z","timestamp":1760230606099,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Padova","award":["741-C0-71"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["741-C0-71"]}]},{"name":"research project RIPANE of the Italian Ministry of Defence","award":["741-C0-71"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["741-C0-71"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005298","name":"Vicerrectoria de Investigacion at Universidad de Costa Rica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["741-C0-71"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["741-C0-71"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005298","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snake envenoming is a major but neglected human disease in tropical and subtropical regions. Among venomous snakes in the Americas, coral snakes of the genus Micrurus are particularly dangerous because they cause a peripheral neuroparalysis that can persist for many days or, in severe cases, progress to death. Ventilatory support and the use of snake species-specific antivenoms may prevent death from respiratory paralysis in most cases. However, there is a general consensus that additional and non-expensive treatments that can be delivered even long after the snake bite are needed. Neurotoxic degeneration of peripheral motor neurons activates pro-regenerative intercellular signaling programs, the greatest of which consist of the chemokine CXCL12\u03b1, produced by perisynaptic Schwann cells, which act on the CXCR4 receptor expressed on damaged neuronal axons. We recently found that the CXCR4 agonist NUCC-390 promotes axonal growth. Here, we show that the venom of the highly neurotoxic snake Micrurus nigrocinctus causes a complete degeneration of motor axon terminals of the soleus muscle, followed by functional regeneration whose time course is greatly accelerated by NUCC-390. These results suggest that NUCC-390 is a potential candidate for treating human patients envenomed by Micrurus nigrocinctus as well as other neurotoxic Micrurus spp. in order to improve the recovery of normal neuromuscular physiology, thus reducing the mortality and hospital costs of envenoming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14080531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T00:15:26Z","timestamp":1659485726000},"page":"531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Recovery from the Neuroparalysis Caused by the Micrurus nigrocinctus Venom Is Accelerated by an Agonist of the CXCR4 Receptor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Stazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Fabris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juli\u00e1n","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jos\u00e9 11501, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3380-8706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"D'Este","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1763-2648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Rigoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"CIR-Myo, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7971-5310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aram","family":"Megighian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Via Orus2\/B, 35129 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8385-3081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jos\u00e9 11501, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2419-6469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Lomonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jos\u00e9 11501, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Montecucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/B, 35131 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, June 21). 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