{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T20:35:53Z","timestamp":1776803753873,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FDA Medical Countermeasures Initiative for Project","award":["E07391.01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E07391.01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is a common food-borne illness often associated with contamination during food handling. The genes for Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) isoforms SEA and SEB are frequently detected in human nasal Staphylococcus aureus isolates and these toxins are commonly associated with SFP. Past studies described the resistance of preformed SE proteins to heat inactivation and their reactivation upon cooling in foods. Full thermodynamic analyses for these processes have not been reported, however. The thermal stabilities of SEA, SEB, and SEH and reversibility of unfolding in simple buffers were investigated at pH 4.5 and pH 6.8 using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). SEA and SEB unfolding was irreversible at pH 6.8 and at least partially reversible at pH 4.5 while SEH unfolding was irreversible at pH 4.5 and reversible at pH 6.8. Additional studies showed maximum refolding for SEB at pH 3.5\u20134.0 and diminished refolding at pH 4.5 with increasing ionic strength. SE-stimulated secretion of interferon-gamma by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was used to assess residual SE biological activity following heat treatments using conditions matching those used for DSC studies. The biological activities of SEB and SEH exhibited greater resistance to heat inactivation than that of SEA. The residual activities of heat-treated SEB and SEH were measurable but diminished further in the presence of reconstituted nonfat dry milk adjusted to pH 4.5 or pH 6.8. To different extents, the pH and ionic strengths typical for foods influenced the thermal stabilities of SEA, SEB, and SEH and their potentials to renature spontaneously after heat treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14080554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T03:40:32Z","timestamp":1660621232000},"page":"554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Microcalorimetric Investigations of Reversible Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Unfolding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9096-2769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan C.","family":"Berry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Odbert A.","family":"Triplett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6084-991X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Rong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6246-700X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren S.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Processing Science & Technology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, 6502 S. Archer Rd., Bedford Park, IL 60501, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William H.","family":"Tolleson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1289149","article-title":"Staphylococcal enterotoxins and enterotoxin-like toxins with special reference to dairy products: An overview","volume":"58","author":"Benkerroum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krakauer, T. (2019). Staphylococcal Superantigens: Pyrogenic Toxins Induce Toxic Shock. 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