{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T10:59:34Z","timestamp":1776077974295,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SIP","award":["20221652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20221652"]}]},{"name":"SIP","award":["2021829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021829"]}]},{"name":"SIP","award":["10024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10024"]}]},{"name":"SIP","award":["20292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20292"]}]},{"name":"SIP","award":["A1-S-14968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-S-14968"]}]},{"name":"IPN","award":["20221652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20221652"]}]},{"name":"IPN","award":["2021829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021829"]}]},{"name":"IPN","award":["10024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10024"]}]},{"name":"IPN","award":["20292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20292"]}]},{"name":"IPN","award":["A1-S-14968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-S-14968"]}]},{"name":"PLAYCO Programa de Planeaci\u00f3n Ambiental y Conservaci\u00f3n-CIBNOR","award":["20221652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20221652"]}]},{"name":"PLAYCO Programa de Planeaci\u00f3n Ambiental y Conservaci\u00f3n-CIBNOR","award":["2021829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021829"]}]},{"name":"PLAYCO Programa de Planeaci\u00f3n Ambiental y Conservaci\u00f3n-CIBNOR","award":["10024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10024"]}]},{"name":"PLAYCO Programa de Planeaci\u00f3n Ambiental y Conservaci\u00f3n-CIBNOR","award":["20292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20292"]}]},{"name":"PLAYCO Programa de Planeaci\u00f3n Ambiental y Conservaci\u00f3n-CIBNOR","award":["A1-S-14968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-S-14968"]}]},{"name":"CIBNOR","award":["20221652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20221652"]}]},{"name":"CIBNOR","award":["2021829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021829"]}]},{"name":"CIBNOR","award":["10024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10024"]}]},{"name":"CIBNOR","award":["20292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20292"]}]},{"name":"CIBNOR","award":["A1-S-14968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-S-14968"]}]},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","award":["20221652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20221652"]}]},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","award":["2021829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021829"]}]},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","award":["10024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10024"]}]},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","award":["20292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20292"]}]},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","award":["A1-S-14968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-S-14968"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Allelopathy between phytoplankton organisms is promoted by substances released into the marine environment that limit the presence of the dominating species. We evaluated the allelopathic effects and response of cell-free media of Chattonella\u00a0marina var. marina and Gymnodinium impudicum in the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. Additionally, single- and four-cell chains of G. catenatum isolated from media with allelochemicals were cultured to evaluate the effects of post exposure on growth and cell viability. Cell diagnosis showed growth limitation and an increase in cell volume, which reduced mobility and led to cell lysis. When G. catenatum was exposed to cell-free media of C. marina and G. impudicum, temporary cysts and an increased concentration of paralytic shellfish toxins were observed. After exposure to allelochemicals, the toxin profile of G. catenatum cells in the allelopathy experiments was composed of gonyautoxins 2\/3 (GTX2\/3), decarcarbamoyl (dcSTX, dcGTX2\/3), and the sulfocarbamoyl toxins (B1 and C1\/2). A difference in toxicity (pg STXeq cell\u22121) was observed between G. catenatum cells in the control and those exposed to the filtrates of C. marina var. marina and G. impudicum. Single cells of G. catenatum had a lower growth rate, whereas chain-forming cells had a higher growth rate. We suggest that a low number of G. catenatum cells can survive the allelopathic effect. We hypothesize that the survival strategy of G. catenatum is migration through the chemical cloud, encystment, and increased toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14090616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T09:51:09Z","timestamp":1662630669000},"page":"616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Changes in Toxin Production, Morphology and Viability of Gymnodinium catenatum Associated with Allelopathy of Chattonella marina var. marina and Gymnodinium impudicum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Leyberth Jos\u00e9","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Herrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (IPN-CICIMAR), Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional s\/n, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, BCS, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8251-9820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine Johanna","family":"Band-Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (IPN-CICIMAR), Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional s\/n, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, BCS, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4080-9467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"Zenteno-Sav\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo Santa Rita Sur, La Paz C.P. 23096, BCS, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Leyva-Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (IPN-CICIMAR), Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional s\/n, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, BCS, Mexico"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda-Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CONACyT, IPN-CICIMAR), Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, BCS, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0421-9803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Judith","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (IPN-CICIMAR), Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional s\/n, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, BCS, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2087-5835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Eduardo","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo Santa Rita Sur, La Paz C.P. 23096, BCS, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Jes\u00fas","family":"Bustillos-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo Santa Rita Sur, La Paz C.P. 23096, BCS, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"313","article-title":"Allelopathy of Aquatic Autotrophs","volume":"33","author":"Gross","year":"2010","journal-title":"CRC Crit Rev. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2011.08.005","article-title":"Allelopathic Inhibition of Competing Phytoplankton by North American Strains of the Toxic Dinoflagellate, Alexandrium fundyense: Evidence from Field Experiments, Laboratory Experiments, and Bloom Events","volume":"11","author":"Gobler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Molish, H. (1937). Der Einfluss Einer Pflanze Auf Die Andere: Allelopathie, Fisher."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Rice, E.L. (1984). Allelopathy, Academic Press. 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