{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:14:07Z","timestamp":1792790047187,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU RESEARCH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME: Innovative Training Network \u201cStrategy-CKD\u201d","award":["MSCA-ITN-2019-860329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MSCA-ITN-2019-860329"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an incurable disease in which renal function gradually declines, resulting in no noticeable symptoms during the early stages and a life-threatening disorder in the latest stage. The changes that accompany renal failure are likely to influence the gut microbiota, or the ecosystem of micro-organisms resident in the intestine. Altered gut microbiota can display metabolic changes and become harmful to the host. To study the gut\u2013kidney axis in vivo, animal models should ideally reproduce the disorders affecting both the host and the gut microbiota. Murine models of CKD, but not dog, manifest slowed gut transit, similarly to patient. Animal models of CKD also reproduce altered intestinal barrier function, as well as the resulting leaky gut syndrome and bacterial translocation. CKD animal models replicate metabolic but not compositional changes in the gut microbiota. Researchers investigating the gut\u2013kidney axis should pay attention to the selection of the animal model (disease induction method, species) and the setting of the experimental design (control group, sterilization method, individually ventilated cages) that have been shown to influence gut microbiota.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14090626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T09:51:09Z","timestamp":1662630669000},"page":"626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Gut\u2013Kidney Axis Investigations in Animal Models of Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Piotr","family":"Bartochowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RD N\u00e9phrologie SAS, 34090 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"BC2M, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8283-8429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Gayrard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RD N\u00e9phrologie SAS, 34090 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"BC2M, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3944-6192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Bornes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, Inrae, Vetagro Sup, UMRF0545, 15000 Aurillac, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7786-9172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Druart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmabiotic Research Institute (PRI), 11100 Narbonne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7029-4532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel","family":"Argil\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RD N\u00e9phrologie SAS, 34090 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"BC2M, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magali","family":"Cordaillat-Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmabiotic Research Institute (PRI), 11100 Narbonne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3202-0551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flore","family":"Duranton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RD N\u00e9phrologie SAS, 34090 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"BC2M, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.06.019","article-title":"KDIGO 2020 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"98","author":"Caramori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2009.00575.x","article-title":"The General Picture of Uremia","volume":"22","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Dial."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011121175","article-title":"Normal and Pathologic Concentrations of Uremic Toxins","volume":"23","author":"Duranton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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