{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T14:07:11Z","timestamp":1776348431518,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of Milan"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are more susceptible to infections compared to the general population. SARS-CoV-2 virus pathology is characterized by a cytokine storm responsible for the systemic inflammation typical of the COVID-19 disease. Since CKD patients have a reduced renal clearance, we decided to investigate whether they accumulate harmful mediators during the COVID-19 disease. We conducted a retrospective study on 77 COVID-19 hospitalized subjects in the acute phase of the illness. Thirteen different cytokines were assessed in plasma collected upon hospitalization. The patients were divided into three groups according to their estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR &lt; 30 (n = 23), 30 &lt; eGFR &lt; 60 (n = 33), eGFR &gt; 60 mL\/min (n = 21). We found that Tumor Necrosis Factor \u03b1 and its receptors I and II, Interleukin-7, Leukemia Inhibitory Factor, FAS receptor, Chitinase 3-like I, and the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor showed an increased accumulation that negatively correlate with eGFR. Moreover, non-survivor patients with an impaired kidney function have significantly more elevated levels of the same mediators. In conclusion, there is a tendency in COVID-19 ESRD patients to accumulate harmful cytokines. The accumulation seems to associate with mortality outcomes and may be due to reduced clearance but also to increased biosynthesis in most severe cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14100673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T01:23:16Z","timestamp":1664414596000},"page":"673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Cytokine and Chemokine Retention Profile in COVID-19 Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Paola","family":"Ciceri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Renal Division, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Bono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2853-1332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenza","family":"Magagnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Renal Division, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Sala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0073-1789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"d\u2019Arminio Monforte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Galassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Renal Division, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Barassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8494-6252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Cozzolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Renal Division, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30045-3","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease, 1990\u20132017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"395","author":"Bikbov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01290308","article-title":"Epidemiology of Acute Infections among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Figure 1","volume":"3","author":"Dalrymple","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. 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