{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:29:45Z","timestamp":1790800185072,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The cyanobacterial blooms produced by eutrophic water bodies have become a serious environmental issue around the world. After cellular lysing or algaecide treatment, microcystins (MCs), which are regarded as the most frequently encountered cyanobacterial toxins in fresh water, are released into water. Among all the variants of MCs, MC-LR has been widely studied due to its severe hepatotoxicity. Since 1992, various studies have identified the important roles of MC-LR in the origin and progression of primary liver cancers (PLCs), although few reviews have focused on it. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the major achievements and shortcomings observed in the past few years. Based on the available literature, the mechanisms of how MC-LR induces or promotes PLCs are elucidated in this review. This review aims to enhance our understanding of the role that MC-LR plays in PLCs and provides a rational approach for future applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14100715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:34:30Z","timestamp":1666312470000},"page":"715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Microcystin-LR in Primary Liver Cancers: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6888-770X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shen","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China"},{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hangzhou First People\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxuemei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China"},{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hangzhou First People\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melaram, R., Newton, A.R., and Chafin, J. 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