{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:28:33Z","timestamp":1791613713307,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic microorganism of humans and animals, able to cause foodborne intoxication due to the production of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and to resist antibiotic treatment as in the case of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). In this study, we performed a genomic characterisation of 12 genetically diverse S. aureus strains isolated from ready-to-eat foods in Algiers (Algeria). Moreover, their ability to produce some classical and new staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) was investigated. The 12 S. aureus strains resulted to belong to nine known sequence types (STs) and to the novel ST7199 and ST7200. Furthermore, S. aureus SA46 was assigned to the European clone MRSA-ST80-SCCmec-IV. The 12 strains showed a wide endowment of se and sel (staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxin) genes (sea, seb, sed, seg, seh, sei, selj, sek, sem, sen, seo, seq, ser, selu2, selw, selx, sey, sel30; \u03c8ent1-\u03c8ent2), including variants and pseudogenes, and harboured the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) types 1 and 5. Additionally, they produced various amounts of SEA (64.54\u2013345.02 ng\/mL), SEB (2871.28\u201314739.17 ng\/mL), SED (322.70\u2013398.94 ng\/mL), SEH (not detectable\u2013239.48 ng\/mL), and SER (36,720.10\u201363,176.06 ng\/mL) depending on their genotypes. The genetic determinants related to their phenotypic resistance to \u03b2-lactams (blaZ, mecA), ofloxacin (gyrA-S84L), erythromycin (ermB), lincomycin (lmrS), kanamycin (aph(3\u2032)-III, ant(6)-I), and tetracyclin (tet(L), tet(38)) were also detected. A plethora of virulence-related genes, including major virulence genes such as the tst gene, determinant for the toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, and the lukF-PV and lukS-PV genes, encoding the panton-valentine leukocidin (PVL), were present in the S. aureus strains, highlighting their pathogenic potential. Furthermore, a phylogenomic reconstruction including worldwide foodborne S. aureus showed a clear clustering based on ST and geographical origin rather than the source of isolation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14110731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T11:53:51Z","timestamp":1666785231000},"page":"731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["First Genome-Based Characterisation and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Production Ability of Methicillin-Susceptible and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Foods in Algiers (Algeria)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3559-3689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Fanelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0532-2020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Chieffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3639-6663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gyu-Sung","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Hermann-Weigmann-Stra\u00dfe 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5703-5787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Silantes GmbH, Gollierstrasse 70C, 80339 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar Amine","family":"Mekhloufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Bania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles M. A. P.","family":"Franz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Hermann-Weigmann-Stra\u00dfe 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5608-7657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzina","family":"Fusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00587-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00587-20","article-title":"Genome sequencing of a historic Staphylococcus aureus collection reveals new enterotoxin genes and sheds light on the evolution and genomic organization of this key virulence gene family","volume":"203","author":"Dicks","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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