{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T22:47:53Z","timestamp":1761864473461,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMO-2016\/23\/B\/N27\/02273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2016\/23\/B\/N27\/02273"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in feed may increase intestinal barrier permeability. Disturbance of the intestinal barrier integrity may affect the absorption of antibiotics used in animals. Since the bioavailability of orally administered antibiotics significantly affects their efficacy and safety, it was decided to evaluate how DON influences the absorption of the most commonly used antibiotics in pigs, i.e., amoxicillin (AMX) and doxycycline (DOX). The studies were conducted using jejunal explants from adult pigs. Explants were incubated in Ussing chambers, in which a buffer containing DON (30 \u00b5g\/mL), AMX (50 \u00b5g\/mL), DOX (30 \u00b5g\/mL), a combination of AMX + DON, or a combination of DOX + DON was used. Changes in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), the flux of transcellular and intracellular transport markers, and the flux of antibiotics across explants were measured. DON increased the permeability of small intestine explants, expressed by a reduction in TEER and an intensification of transcellular marker transport. DON did not affect AMX transport, but it accelerated DOX transport by approximately five times. The results suggest that DON inhibits the efflux transport of DOX to the intestinal lumen, and thus significantly changes its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14110743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T10:47:57Z","timestamp":1667126877000},"page":"743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Does Deoxynivalenol Affect Amoxicillin and Doxycycline Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract? Ex Vivo Study on Swine Jejunum Mucosa Explants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0202-2169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Mendel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowka St. 166, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6856-3585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Karlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowka St. 166, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Urszula","family":"Latek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowka St. 166, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Ch\u0142opecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowka St. 166, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9520-3027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Nowacka-Kozak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzant\u00f3w 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Pietruszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzant\u00f3w 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5212-2913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Jedziniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzant\u00f3w 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruber-Dorninger, C., Jenkins, T., and Schatzmayr, G. (2019). Global Mycotoxin Occurrence in Feed: A Ten-Year Survey. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11070375"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2020.12.012","article-title":"The global overview of the occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals: A three-year survey","volume":"39","author":"Khodaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palumbo, R., Crisci, A., Ven\u00e2ncio, A., Corti\u00f1as Abrahantes, J., Dorne, J.-L., Battilani, P., and Toscano, P. (2020). Occurrence and Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Feed and Food. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8010074"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos Pereira, C., Cunha, C.S., and Fernandes, J.O. (2019). Prevalent Mycotoxins in Animal Feed: Occurrence and Analytical Methods. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11050290"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Serna-Saldivar, S.O. (2019). Mycotoxins in Corn: Occurrence, Impacts, and Management. Corn. Chemistry and Technology, Elsevier Inc. in Cooperation with AACC International. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-018-0327-0","article-title":"Frequency and levels of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in silage in Poland","volume":"35","author":"Panasiuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1051\/animres:2006032","article-title":"Toxicity of different Fusarium mycotoxins on growth performance, immune responses and efficacy of a mycotoxin degrading enzyme in pigs","volume":"55","author":"Cheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2019.08.001","article-title":"Effect of fosfomycin, Cynara scolymus extract, deoxynivalenol and their combinations on intestinal health of weaned piglets","volume":"5","author":"Riccio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2008.01.015","article-title":"Ingestion of deoxynivalenol (DON) contaminated feed alters the pig vaccinal immune responses","volume":"177","author":"Pinton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/009841096161447","article-title":"Toxicology of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin)","volume":"48","author":"Rotter","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.03.003","article-title":"The food contaminant, deoxynivalenol, decreases intestinal barrier function and reduces claudin expression","volume":"237","author":"Pinton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2004.04.023","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms for immune modulation by deoxynivalenol and other trichothecenes: Unraveling a paradox","volume":"153","author":"Pestka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins4040281","article-title":"Influence of Mycotoxins and a Mycotoxin Adsorbing Agent on the Oral Bioavailability of Commonly Used Antibiotics in Pigs","volume":"4","author":"Goossens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.12.014","article-title":"Analysis of the interactions between environmental and food contaminants, cadmium and deoxynivalenol, in different target organs","volume":"622\u2013623","author":"Le","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2723","article-title":"The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol affects nutrient absorption in human intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"132","author":"Maresca","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez, G., Perez, D.S., Soraci, A.L., and Tapia, M.O. (2013). Penetration of Fosfomycin into IPEC-J2 Cells in the Presence or Absence of Deoxynivalenol. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075068"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.088435","article-title":"World Health Organization World Health Day Antimicrobial Resistance Technical Working Group. The WHO policy package to combat antimicrobial resistance","volume":"89","author":"Leung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2010.11.067","article-title":"Occurrence of veterinary antibiotics in animal wastewater and surface water around farms in Jiangsu Province, China","volume":"82","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2006.01.059","article-title":"Guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials and their implications on antibiotic usage in veterinary medicine","volume":"296","author":"Ungemach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.209486","article-title":"Galacto-oligosaccharides protect the Intestinal Barrier by Maintaining the Tight Junction Network and Modulating the Inflammatory Responses after a Challenge with the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol in Human Caco-2 Cell Monolayers and B6C3F1 Mice","volume":"145","author":"Akbari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-012-0135-x","article-title":"Effects of deoxynivalenol and lipopolysaccharide on electrophysiological parameters in growing pigs","volume":"28","author":"Halawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-017-2083-x","article-title":"Intestinal toxicity of deoxynivalenol is limited by Lactobacillus rhamnosus RC007 in pig jejunum explants","volume":"92","author":"Payros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-019-00342-2","article-title":"The impact of chlorophyllin on deoxynivalenol transport across jejunum mucosa explants obtained from adult pigs","volume":"35","author":"Mendel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2019). Categorisation of Antibiotics in the European Union (Standard No. EMA\/CVMP\/CHMP\/682198\/2017)."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.2000.00235.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of a doxycycline formulation (DOXYCYCLINE 75%) in nonfasted young pigs","volume":"23","author":"Baert","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"475","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in pigs following oral administration in feed","volume":"29","author":"Bousquet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Res. BioMed. Cent."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2005.00700.x","article-title":"PK and PK\/PD of doxycycline in drinking water after therapeutic use in pigs","volume":"28","author":"Prats","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Sanders, P., Gicquel, M., Hurtaud, D., Chapel, A.M., Gaudiche, C., and Bousquet, E. (1996, January 7\u201310). Absolute bioavailability of doxycycline after oral administration in medicated feed to pigs. Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society 14th Congress, Bologna, Italy."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Riviere, J.E., Papich, M.G., and Adams, H.R. (2009). \u03b2-lactam antibiotics: Penicillins, cephalosporins, and related drugs. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Wiley-Blackwell. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Riviere, J.E., Papich, M.G., and Adams, H.R. (2009). Tetracycline Antibiotics. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Wiley-Blackwell. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.11.021","article-title":"Role of P-glycoprotein in deoxynivalenol-mediated in vitro toxicity","volume":"284","author":"Ivanova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5889","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06199-8","article-title":"Carrier-Mediated and Energy-Dependent Uptake and Efflux of Deoxynivalenol in Mammalian Cells","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.04.011","article-title":"Epithelial transport of deoxynivalenol: Involvement of human P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (ABCC2)","volume":"45","author":"Videmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.3.755-761.2002","article-title":"Doxycycline induces expression of P glycoprotein in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells","volume":"46","author":"Mealey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.09.002","article-title":"Doxycycline as an inhibitor of p-glycoprotein in the alpaca for the purpose of maintaining avermectins in the CNS during treatment for parelaphostrongylosis","volume":"212","author":"Agbedanu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1658570","article-title":"Worldwide contamination of food-crops with mycotoxins: Validity of the widely cited \u2018FAO estimate\u2019 of 25","volume":"60","author":"Eskola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600810710","article-title":"Effects of enzymatic inhibition and increased paracellular shunting on transport of vasopressin analogues in the rat","volume":"87","author":"Ungell","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.024","article-title":"The food contaminant deoxynivalenol activates the mitogen activated protein kinases in the intestine: Interest of ex vivo models as an alternative to in vivo experiments","volume":"66","author":"Lucioli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2014.07.003","article-title":"A new approach to predict human intestinal absorption using porcine intestinal tissue and biorelevant matrices","volume":"63","author":"Westerhout","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Parmac. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2012.10.007","article-title":"Comprehensive study on regional human intestinal permeability and prediction of fraction absorbed of drugs using the Ussing chamber technique","volume":"48","author":"Lutz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/14\/11\/743\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:05:49Z","timestamp":1760144749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/14\/11\/743"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins14110743"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins14110743","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6651"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]}}}