{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T23:29:29Z","timestamp":1785281369546,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of hemorrhagic side effects of botulinum neurotoxin A injections (BoNT\/A) for the treatment of benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) and hemifacial spasm (HFS) in patients taking antithrombotic drugs (ATD). A total of 140 patients were included (female: 65%; BEB: 75%; mean age: 70 \u00b1 12 years). According to their current antithrombotic medication, participants were either assigned to the ATD group (41%), or to the control group (59%). The ATD group was further divided into subgroups depending on the medication administered: acetylsalicylic acid, ADP receptor antagonists, direct oral anticoagulants, vitamin-K antagonists, or dual antiplatelet therapy. The frequency of hemorrhagic side effects was recorded by retrospective analysis of past treatments as documented in the patient\u2019s file set in relation to the number of past treatments (hematoma frequency of past treatments, HFretro) as well as by a prospective survey capturing the side effects of one single treatment (hematoma frequency of actual treatment, HFactual). There was no significant difference in hematoma frequency between the ATD group and the control group, neither for past (HFretro: ATD: 2%; 45\/2554; control: 4%; 109\/2744) nor for the current BoNT\/A treatments (HFactual: ATD: 30%; 16\/53; control: 31%; 22\/72). Even between ATD subgroups, hematoma frequency did not differ significantly. Overall, hemorrhagic side effects of the BoNT\/A treatment for BEB and HFS were mild and non-disabling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14110769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T10:54:40Z","timestamp":1667904880000},"page":"769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Frequency of Hemorrhagic Side Effects of Botulinum Neurotoxin Treatment in Patients with Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm on Antithrombotic Medication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fiona Carolin","family":"Wenninger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of M\u00fcnster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7767-114X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Wabbels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.6.767","article-title":"Blepharospasm: A review of 264 patients","volume":"51","author":"Grandas","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. 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