{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T10:59:00Z","timestamp":1786705140036,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["12-0080-10\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12-0080-10\/2010"]}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["010\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["010\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]},{"name":"Minister of Education and Science","award":["12-0080-10\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12-0080-10\/2010"]}]},{"name":"Minister of Education and Science","award":["010\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["010\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study was undertaken to analyze whether prolonged exposure to low-dose zearalenone (ZEN) mycotoxicosis affects the concentrations of ZEN, \u03b1-zearalenol (\u03b1-ZEL), and \u03b2-zearalenol (\u03b2-ZEL) in selected reproductive system tissues (ovaries, uterine horn\u2014ovarian and uterine sections, and the middle part of the cervix), the hypothalamus, and pituitary gland, or the concentrations of selected steroid hormones in pre-pubertal gilts. For 42 days, gilts were administered per os different ZEN doses (MABEL dose [5 \u00b5g\/kg BW], the highest NOAEL dose [10 \u00b5g\/kg BW], and the lowest LOAEL dose [15 \u00b5g\/kg BW]). Tissue samples were collected on days seven, twenty-one, and forty-two of exposure to ZEN (exposure days D1, D2, and D3, respectively). Blood for the analyses of estradiol and progesterone concentrations was collected in vivo on six dates at seven-day intervals (on analytical dates D1\u2013D6). The analyses revealed that both ZEN and its metabolites were accumulated in the examined tissues. On successive analytical dates, the rate of mycotoxin accumulation in the studied tissues decreased gradually by 50% and proportionally to the administered ZEN dose. A hierarchical visualization revealed that values of the carry-over factor (CF) were highest on exposure day D2. In most groups and on most exposure days, the highest CF values were found in the middle part of the cervix, followed by the ovaries, both sections of the uterine horn, and the hypothalamus. These results suggest that ZEN, \u03b1-ZEL, and \u03b2-ZEL were deposited in all analyzed tissues despite exposure to very low ZEN doses. The presence of these undesirable compounds in the examined tissues can inhibit the somatic development of the reproductive system and compromise neuroendocrine coordination of reproductive competence in pre-pubertal gilts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14110790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T04:24:10Z","timestamp":1668399850000},"page":"790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Exposure to Low Zearalenone Doses and Changes in the Homeostasis and Concentrations of Endogenous Hormones in Selected Steroid-Sensitive Tissues in Pre-Pubertal Gilts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5507-5091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Gaj\u0119cka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0983-5592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Zielonka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Babuchowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dairy Industry Innovation Institute Ltd., Kormoran\u00f3w 1, 11-700 Mr\u0105gowo, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej Tadeusz","family":"Gaj\u0119cki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thielecke, F., and Nugent, A.P. (2018). Contaminants in Grain\u2014A Major Risk for Whole Grain Safety?. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091213"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.08.034","article-title":"As clean as they look? Food hygiene inspection scores, microbiological contamination, and foodborne illness","volume":"96","author":"Fleetwood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alassane-Kpembi, I., Pinton, P., and Oswald, I.P. (2019). Effects of Mycotoxins on the Intestine. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11030159"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6072064","article-title":"The effect of experimental fusarium mycotoxicosis on microbiota diversity in porcine ascending colon contents","volume":"6","author":"Piotrowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2014.02.007","article-title":"Occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in European feeding stuffs, assessment of dietary intake by farm animals","volume":"193","author":"Zachariasova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"4851","article-title":"Risks for animal health related to the presence of zearalenone and its modified forms in feed","volume":"15","author":"Knutsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-020-00404-w","article-title":"Interactions of zearalanone, \u03b1-zearalanol, \u03b2-zearalanol, zearalenone-14-sulfate, and zearalenone-14-glucoside with serum albumin","volume":"36","author":"Faisal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calabrese, E.J. (2018). Hormesis: Path and Progression to Significance. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19102871"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.11.021","article-title":"Modified mycotoxins: An updated review on their formation, detection, occurrence, and toxic effects","volume":"111","author":"Freire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.07.013","article-title":"Growth performance, selected blood biochemical parameters and body weight of pre-pubertal gilts fed diets supplemented with different doses of zearalenone (ZEN)","volume":"152","author":"Rykaczewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciepli\u0144ska, K., Gaj\u0119cka, M., D\u0105browski, M., Rykaczewska, A., Zielonka, \u0141., Lisieska-\u017bo\u0142nierczyk, S., Buli\u0144ska, M., and Gaj\u0119cki, M.T. (2019). Time-dependent changes in the intestinal microbiome of gilts exposed to low zearalenone doses. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11050296"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciepli\u0144ska, K., Gaj\u0119cka, M., Nowak, A., D\u0105browski, M., Zielonka, \u0141., and Gaj\u0119cki, M.T. (2018). The gentoxicity of caecal water in gilts exposed to low doses of zearalenone. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10090350"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaj\u0119cka, M., Majewski, M.S., Zielonka, \u0141., Grzegorzewski, W., Onyszek, E., Lisieska-Zo\u0142nierczyk, S., Ju\u015bkiewicz, J., Babuchowski, A., and Gaj\u0119cki, M.T. (2021). Concentration of Zearalenone, Alpha-Zearalenol and Beta-Zearalenol in the Myocardium and the Results of Isometric Analyses of the Coronary Artery in Prepubertal Gilts. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13060396"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mr\u00f3z, M., Gaj\u0119cka, M., Przyby\u0142owicz, K.E., Sawicki, T., Lisieska-\u017bo\u0142nierczyk, S., Zielonk, \u0141., and Gaj\u0119cki, M.T. (2022). The Effect of Low Doses of Zearalenone (ZEN) on the Bone Marrow Microenvironment and Haematological Parameters of Blood Plasma in Pre-Pubertal Gilts. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14020105"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mr\u00f3z, M., Gaj\u0119cka, M., Brzuzan, P., Lisieska-\u017bo\u0142nierczyk, S., Leski, D., Zielonka, \u0141., and Gaj\u0119cki, M.T. (2022). Carry-Over of Zearalenone and Its Metabolites to Intestinal Tissues and the Expression of CYP1A1 and GST\u03c01 in the Colon of Gilts before Puberty. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14050354"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-022-00686-3","article-title":"Zearalenone toxicosis on reproduction as estrogen receptor selective modulator and alleviation of zearalenone biodegradative agent in pregnant sows","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaj\u0119cka, M., Zielonka, \u0141., and Gaj\u0119cki, M. (2017). Activity of zearalenone in the porcine intestinal tract. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22010018"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2018.07.012","article-title":"Biomarkers of gastrointestinal functionality in animal nutrition and health","volume":"250","author":"Celi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u0105browski, M., Obremski, K., Gaj\u0119cka, M., Gaj\u0119cki, M., and Zielonka, \u0141. (2016). Changes in the subpopulations of porcine peripheral blood lymphocytes induced by exposure to low doses of zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON). Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21050557"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.014","article-title":"Mycotoxin contamination of the feed supply chain: Implications for animal productivity and feed security","volume":"173","author":"Bryden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Llorens, P., Herrera, M., Juan-Garc\u00eda, A., Pay\u00e1, J.J., Molt\u00f3, J.C., Ari\u00f1o, A., and Juan, C. (2022). Biomarkers of Exposure to Zearalenone in In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14050291"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3390\/endocrines3030029","article-title":"Kisspeptin Modulation of Reproductive Function","volume":"3","author":"Szeliga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrines"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, B., Yuan, X., Yang, W., Jiao, N., Li, Y., Liu, F., Liu, M., Yang, Z., Huang, L., and Jiang, S. (2021). The Effects of Zearalenone on the Localization and Expression of Reproductive Hormones in the Ovaries of Weaned Gilts. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13090626"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5020396","article-title":"Modulation of intestinal functions following mycotoxin ingestion: Meta-analysis of published experiments in animals","volume":"5","author":"Grenier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2014.01.002","article-title":"Steroid signaling: Ligand-binding promiscuity molecular symmetry, and the need for gating","volume":"82","author":"Lathe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.1996.0050","article-title":"Conversion Factors Estimating Indicative Chronic No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Levels from Short-Term Toxicity Data","volume":"23","author":"Kramer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2014.931923","article-title":"A 21st century roadmap for human health risk assessment","volume":"44","author":"Pastoor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S121520","article-title":"Determination of the starting dose in the first-in-human clinical trials with monoclonal antibodies: A systematic review of papers published between 1990 and 2013","volume":"10","author":"Suh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2011-1050","article-title":"Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses","volume":"33","author":"Vandenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonkowski, S., Gaj\u0119cka, M., and Makowska, K. (2020). Mycotoxins and the Enteric Nervous system. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12070461"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)01968-5","article-title":"Phytoestrogens decrease brain calcium-binding proteins but do not alter hypothalamic androgen metabolizing enzymes in adult male rats","volume":"859","author":"Lephart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.12.042","article-title":"Zearalenone induced toxicity in SHSY-5Y cells: The role of oxidative stress evidenced by N-acetyl cysteine","volume":"65","author":"Venkataramana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20210063","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-3143-ar2021-0063","article-title":"The neuroendocrine pathways and mechanisms for the control of the reproduction in female pigs","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genchi, V.A., Rossi, E., Lauriola, C., D\u2019Oria, R., Palma, G., Borrelli, A., Caccioppoli, C., Giorgino, F., and Cignarelli, A. (2022). Adipose Tissue Dysfunction and Obesity-Related Male Hypogonadism. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158194"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mar\u00edn-Garc\u00eda, P.J., and Llobat, L. (2021). How does protein nutrition affect the epigenetic changes in pig? A review. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020544"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20200431","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-3143-ar2020-0431","article-title":"Altrenogest during early pregnancy modulates uterine glandular epithelium and endometrial growth factor expression at the time implantation in pigs","volume":"18","author":"Muro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rykaczewska, A., Gaj\u0119cka, M., Onyszek, E., Ciepli\u0144ska, K., D\u0105browski, M., Lisieska-\u017bo\u0142nierczyk, S., Buli\u0144ska, M., Babuchowski, A., Gaj\u0119cki, M.T., and Zielonka, \u0141. (2019). Imbalance in the Blood Concentrations of Selected Steroids in Prepubertal Gilts Depending on the Time of Exposure to Low Doses of Zearalenone. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11100561"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2018.01.001","article-title":"Premature progesterone rise in ART-cycles","volume":"18","author":"Lawrenz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2022.110396","article-title":"Comparative transcriptomics in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis of mammals and poultry","volume":"114","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.02.031","article-title":"Effects of zearalenone and its derivatives on the synthesis and secretion of mammalian sex steroid hormones: A review","volume":"126","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2016.12.005","article-title":"Apoptosis inducing factor gene depletion inhibits zearalenone-induced cell death in a goat Leydig cell line","volume":"67","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2016.10.015","article-title":"Zearalenone as an endocrine disruptor in humans","volume":"48","author":"Kowalska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2019.03.001","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases: Role of steroid hormones","volume":"60","author":"Benagiano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiss, D.S., Ioja, E., Toth, I., Barany, Z., Jocsak, G., Bartha, T., Horvath, T.L., and Zsarnovszky, A. (2018). Comparative Analysis of Zearalenone Effects on Thyroid Receptor Alpha (TR\u03b1) and Beta (TR\u03b2) Expression in Rat Primary Cerebellar Cell Cultures. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19051440"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3390\/endocrines3030035","article-title":"The Role of Genetics in Central Precocious Puberty: Confirmed and Potential Neuroendocrine Genetic and Epigenetic Contributors and Their Interactions with Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs)","volume":"3","author":"Mucci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrines"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"55","article-title":"Immunocytochemical expression of 3\u03b2- and 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in bitch ovaries exposed to low doses of zearalenone","volume":"16","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.23898","article-title":"Mycotoxin zearalenone exposure impairs genomic stability of swine follicular granulosa cells in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Current challenges in the diagnosis of zearalenone toxicosis as illustrated by a field case of hyperestrogenism in suckling piglets","volume":"4","author":"Koch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Porc. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.08.010","article-title":"Zearalenone and alpha-zearalenol inhibit the synthesis and secretion of pig follicle stimulating hormone via the non-classical estrogen membrane receptor GPR30","volume":"461","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2010.02.005","article-title":"The regulation of OXPHOS by extramitochondrial calcium","volume":"1797","author":"Gellerich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.2478\/v10181-012-0108-1","article-title":"The low doses effect of experimental zearalenone (ZEN) intoxication on the presence of Ca2+ in selected ovarian cells from pre-pubertal bitches","volume":"15","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20669","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules201119726","article-title":"The Effect of Low Monotonic Doses of Zearalenone on Selected Reproductive Tissues in Pre-Pubertal Female Dogs\u2014A Review","volume":"20","author":"Zielonka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romejko, K., Rymarz, A., Sadownik, H., and Niemczyk, S. (2022). Testosterone Deficiency as One of the Major Endocrine Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14163438"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaj\u0119cka, M., Mr\u00f3z, M., Brzuzan, P., Onyszek, E., Zielonka, \u0141., Lipczy\u0144ska-Ilczuk, K., Przyby\u0142owicz, K.E., Babuchowski, A., and Gaj\u0119cki, M.T. (2021). Correlations between Low Doses of Zearalenone, Its Carryover Factor and Estrogen Receptor Expression in Different Segments of the Intestines in Pre-Pubertal Gilts\u2014A Study Protocol. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13060379"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7083210","article-title":"Zearalenone in the Intestinal Tissues of Immature Gilts Exposed per os to Mycotoxins","volume":"7","author":"Zielonka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meerpoel, C., Vidal, A., Tangni, E.K., Huybrechts, B., Couck, L., De Rycke, R., De Bels, L., De Saeger, S., Van den Broeck, W., and Devreese, M. (2020). A Study of Carry-Over and Histopathological Effects after Chronic Dietary Intake of Citrinin in Pigs, Broiler Chickens and Laying Hens. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12110719"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"716","article-title":"Adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol levels in pigs during blood collection","volume":"52","author":"Kowalski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med. Weter."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2018.05.054","article-title":"Do metabolites account for higher serum steroid hormone levels measured by RIA compared to mass spectrometry?","volume":"484","author":"Stanczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/14\/11\/790\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:16:47Z","timestamp":1760145407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/14\/11\/790"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins14110790"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins14110790","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]}}}