{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:29:04Z","timestamp":1760232544826,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["MOST 108-2314-B-182A-081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2314-B-182A-081"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","award":["MOST 108-2314-B-182A-081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 108-2314-B-182A-081"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snakebites from Protobothrops mucrosquamatus (Taiwan habus) and Viridovipera stejnegeri (green bamboo vipers) account for the most venomous snakebites in Taiwan. The bivalent freeze-dried hemorrhagic (FH) antivenom is employed to treat these two snakebite patients without a strict clinical trial. We evaluated the clinical usefulness of Taiwan bivalent freeze-dried hemorrhagic (FH) antivenom in Taiwan habu- and green bamboo viper-envenomed patients. We checked ELISA- based serum venom antigen levels before and after FH antivenom to evaluate FH\u2019s ability to neutralize patients\u2019 serum snake venom and its usefulness in reducing limb swelling after snakebites. Patients who had higher serum venom antigen levels had more severe limb swelling. Of the 33 enrolled patients, most of their snake venom antigen levels were undetected after the appliance of antivenom. Most enrolled patients (25\/33) had their limb swelling subside within 12 h after antivenom treatment. The failure to reduce limb swelling was probably due to an inadequate antivenom dose applied in more severely envenomated patients. Our data indicate the feasibility of the FH antivenom in effectively eliminating venom and resolving the affected limb swelling caused by Taiwan habu and green bamboo viper bites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14110794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T02:32:16Z","timestamp":1668479536000},"page":"794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Clinical Usefulness of Taiwan Bivalent Freeze-Dried Hemorrhagic Antivenom in Protobothrops mucrosquamatus- and Viridovipera stejnegeri-Envenomed Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chih-Chuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia-Pang","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0386-5942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Cheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traumatology and Emergency Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hsiang","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traumatology and Emergency Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2324-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Chun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4295-983X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jau-Song","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Hong","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacme.2015.04.004","article-title":"Population-based study of venomous snakebite in Taiwan","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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