{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T01:16:25Z","timestamp":1772241385868,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]],"date-time":"2022-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In India, most snakebite envenomation (SBE) incidents are caused by the \u201cBig Four\u201d snakes which include Russell\u2019s viper, common krait, Indian cobra, and saw-scaled viper. Their common envenomation effects include neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, and coagulopathy. However, they also induce rare complications such as priapism, pseudoaneurysm, and sialolithiasis. Ocular manifestations such as optic neuritis develop rarely following envenomations by non-spitting snakes and they may cause temporary vision changes and blindness if untreated. While optic neuritis following Indian cobra envenomation has been reported previously, this was not encountered in victims of common kraits. Hence, for the first time, we report optic neuritis developed in a victim following envenomation by a common krait and compare its clinical features and diagnostic and therapeutic methods used with another case of optic neuritis in a victim of an Indian cobra bite. Both patients received antivenom treatment and made an initial recovery; however, optic neuritis developed several days later. The condition was diagnosed using ophthalmic examination together with computed tomography and\/or magnetic resonance imaging methods. Due to very similar clinical features, both patients received intravenous corticosteroids which restored their vision and successfully treated optic neuritis. This case report suggests that the optic neuritis developed in a common krait envenomation is comparable to the one developed following a cobra bite, and therefore, the same diagnostic and therapeutic approaches can be used. This study also raises awareness of this rare complication and provides guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of SBE-induced optic neuritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14110805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T04:33:32Z","timestamp":1669005212000},"page":"805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Bilateral Simultaneous Optic Neuritis Following Envenomations by Indian Cobra and Common Krait"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Subramanian","family":"Senthilkumaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manian Medical Centre, Erode 638001, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Poison Control Center, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxiven Biotech Private Limited, Coimbatore 641042, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1814-8743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ponniah","family":"Thirumalaikolundusubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, The Tamil Nadu Dr M.G.R Medical University, Chennai 600032, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ketan","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6006-6517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakthivel","family":"Vaiyapuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasturiratne, A., Wickremasinghe, A.R., De Silva, N., Gunawardena, N.K., Pathmeswaran, A., Premaratna, R., Savioli, L., Lalloo, D.G., and De Silva, H.J. 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