{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:54:18Z","timestamp":1791665658077,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]],"date-time":"2022-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FAPERJ","award":["E-26\/010.003016\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/010.003016\/2014"]}]},{"name":"FAPERJ","award":["E-26\/200.963\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/200.963\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FAPERJ","award":["E-26-010.101030\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26-010.101030\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FAPERJ","award":["E-26-010.001494\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26-010.001494\/2019"]}]},{"name":"FAPERJ","award":["308376\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308376\/2020-0"]}]},{"name":"FAPERJ","award":["144782\/2018-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["144782\/2018-9"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["E-26\/010.003016\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/010.003016\/2014"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["E-26\/200.963\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/200.963\/2021"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["E-26-010.101030\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26-010.101030\/2018"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["E-26-010.001494\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26-010.001494\/2019"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["308376\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308376\/2020-0"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["144782\/2018-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["144782\/2018-9"]}]},{"name":"scholarship CNPq","award":["E-26\/010.003016\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/010.003016\/2014"]}]},{"name":"scholarship CNPq","award":["E-26\/200.963\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/200.963\/2021"]}]},{"name":"scholarship CNPq","award":["E-26-010.101030\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26-010.101030\/2018"]}]},{"name":"scholarship CNPq","award":["E-26-010.001494\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26-010.001494\/2019"]}]},{"name":"scholarship CNPq","award":["308376\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308376\/2020-0"]}]},{"name":"scholarship CNPq","award":["144782\/2018-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["144782\/2018-9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snake venoms are complex cocktails of non-toxic and toxic molecules that work synergistically for the envenoming outcome. Alongside the immediate consequences, chronic manifestations and long-term sequelae can occur. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) were found in snake venom. EVs mediate cellular communication through long distances, delivering proteins and nucleic acids that modulate the recipient cell\u2019s function. However, the biological roles of snake venom EVs, including possible cross-organism communication, are still unknown. This knowledge may expand the understanding of envenoming mechanisms. In the present study, we isolated and characterized the EVs from Bothrops jararaca venom (Bj-EVs), giving insights into their biological roles. Fresh venom was submitted to differential centrifugation, resulting in two EV populations with typical morphology and size range. Several conserved EV markers and a subset of venom related EV markers, represented mainly by processing enzymes, were identified by proteomic analysis. The most abundant protein family observed in Bj-EVs was 5\u2019-nucleotidase, known to be immunosuppressive and a low abundant and ubiquitous toxin in snake venoms. Additionally, we demonstrated that mammalian cells efficiently internalize Bj-EVs. The commercial antibothropic antivenom partially recognizes Bj-EVs and inhibits cellular EV uptake. Based on the proteomic results and the in vitro interaction assays using macrophages and muscle cells, we propose that Bj-EVs may be involved not only in venom production and processing but also in host immune modulation and long-term effects of envenoming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14110806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T04:33:32Z","timestamp":1669005212000},"page":"806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Extracellular Vesicles from Bothrops jararaca Venom Are Diverse in Structure and Protein Composition and Interact with Mammalian Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Larissa","family":"Gon\u00e7alves-Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Hemostase e Venenos, Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica M\u00e9dica Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (Inbeb), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Vital Brazil, Ger\u00eancia de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Niter\u00f3i 24230-410, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brunno Renato Farias","family":"Ver\u00e7oza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia (NUMPEX-Bio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ Duque de Caxias, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro 25240-005, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5507-7142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio C\u00e9sar Sousa","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Qu\u00edmica de Prote\u00ednas, Unidade Prote\u00f4mica, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Prote\u00f4mica (LabProt)\u2014LADETEC, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0349-235X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Donad\u00e9lli","family":"Melani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Qu\u00edmica de Prote\u00ednas, Unidade Prote\u00f4mica, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilberto Barbosa","family":"Domont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Qu\u00edmica de Prote\u00ednas, Unidade Prote\u00f4mica, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silas Pessini","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia (NUMPEX-Bio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ Duque de Caxias, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro 25240-005, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliany Cola Fernandes","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia (NUMPEX-Bio), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ Duque de Caxias, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro 25240-005, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3156-6923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russolina Benedeta","family":"Zingali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Hemostase e Venenos, Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica M\u00e9dica Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (Inbeb), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001380106","article-title":"Fine structure of the venom gland epithelium of the south american rattlesnake and radioautographic studies of protein formation by the secretory cells","volume":"138","author":"Warshawsky","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. 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