{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:10:38Z","timestamp":1791288638393,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dr Liang Voice Program, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Laryngeal dystonia (LD), or spasmodic dysphonia (SD), is a chronic, task-specific, focal movement disorder affecting the larynx. It interferes primarily with the essential functions of phonation and speech. LD affects patients\u2019 ability to communicate effectively and significantly diminishes their quality of life. Botulinum neurotoxin was first used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of LD four decades ago and remains the standard of care for the treatment of LD. This article provides an overview of the clinical application of botulinum neurotoxin in the management of LD, focusing on the classification for this disorder, its pathophysiology, clinical assessment and diagnosis, the role of laryngeal electromyography and a summary of therapeutic injection techniques, including a comprehensive description of various procedural approaches, recommendations for injection sites and dosage considerations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14120844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T03:00:36Z","timestamp":1669950036000},"page":"844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Botulinum Neurotoxin Therapy in the Clinical Management of Laryngeal Dystonia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9792-0548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winnie","family":"Yeung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Voice Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, The Canterbury Hospital, Campsie, NSW 2194, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3839-1353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Novakovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Voice Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, The Canterbury Hospital, Campsie, NSW 2194, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489416646115","article-title":"Tracing Spasmodic Dysphonia: The Source of Ludwig Traube's Priority","volume":"125","author":"Lorch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. 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