{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T09:16:26Z","timestamp":1791882986138,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/137797\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/137797\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DL57\/2016\/CP1440\/CT0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL57\/2016\/CP1440\/CT0010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0246-FEDER-000063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0246-FEDER-000063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE2020)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/137797\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/137797\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE2020)","award":["DL57\/2016\/CP1440\/CT0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL57\/2016\/CP1440\/CT0010"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE2020)","award":["NORTE-01-0246-FEDER-000063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0246-FEDER-000063"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biases in snake venom research have been partially identified but seldomly quantified. Using the Google Scholar web search engine, we collected a total of 267 articles published between 1964 and 2021, and reviewed them to assess the main trends in this field of study. We developed a 4-category classification of the harmful potential of each of the 298 snake species retrieved from the analysed publications, and tested whether taxonomy, realm of origin, and\/or assigned hazard category could affect how often each of them appeared in the articles considered. Overall, viperids were significantly more represented than any other snake taxon retrieved. The Neotropics were the most represented biogeographic realm for number of studied species, whereas information about the country of origin of the analysed specimens was often incomplete. The vast majority of the publications focused on snake venom characterisation, whereas more ecology-related topics were rarely considered. Hazard category and biogeographic realm of origin of each species had a significant effect on the number of articles dedicated to it, suggesting that a snake\u2019s harmful potential and place of origin influence its popularity in venom studies. Our analysis showed an overall positive trend in the number of snake venom studies published yearly, but also underlined severe neglect of snake families of supposedly minor medical relevance (e.g., Atractaspididae), underrepresentation of some of the areas most impacted by snakebite (i.e., Indomalayan and Afrotropic realms), and limited interest in the ecological and functional context of snake venom.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14120884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T09:05:09Z","timestamp":1671440709000},"page":"884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Toxic Habits: An Analysis of General Trends and Biases in Snake Venom Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3576-8805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignazio","family":"Avella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4890-4311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"W\u00fcster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Ecology and Evolution at Bangor, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6878-2916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Luiselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Development, Ecology, Conservation & Cooperation, Via G. Tomasi di Lampedusa 33, I-00144 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Lom\u00e9, Lom\u00e9 01BP1515, Togo"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Applied Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt P.M.B. 5080, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2311-8960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Freir\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Jenner, R.A., and Undheim, E. 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