{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T15:14:52Z","timestamp":1767626092482,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic migraine is a burdensome disease presenting with episodic pain and several symptoms that may persist even among headache attacks. Multisensory integration is modified in migraine, as assessed by the level of the perception of sound-induced flash illusions, a simple paradigm reflecting changes in cortical excitability which reveals to be altered in migraineurs. OnabotulinumtoxinA is an effective preventive therapy for chronic migraineurs, reducing peripheral and central sensitization, and may influence cortical excitability. Patients affected by chronic migraine who started onabotulinumtoxinA preventive therapy were included. Clinical effects (headache diaries and migraine related questionnaires) were assessed at the beginning of the therapy and after 12 weeks. Contextually, patients underwent the evaluation of multisensory perception by means of the sound-induced flash illusions. OnabotulinumtoxinA showed effectiveness both in migraine prevention and in reducing headache burden. Even one session of therapy was able to restore, at least partially, multisensory processing, as shown by patients\u2019 susceptibility to the sound-induced flash illusion. OnabotulinumtoxinA could influence migraineurs cortical excitability concurrently to the beneficial effects in headache prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15010023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T03:18:18Z","timestamp":1672370298000},"page":"23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["OnabotulinumtoxinA Modulates Visual Cortical Excitability in Chronic Migraine: Effects of 12-Week Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0585-8351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Torrente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Pilati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Headache Center \u201cCasa della Salute Cittadella San Rocco\u201d, AUSL Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Di Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Headache Center \u201cCasa della Salute Cittadella San Rocco\u201d, AUSL Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Maccora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Neurology Unit, ARNAS Civico di Cristina and Benfratelli Hospitals, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Alonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lavinia","family":"Vassallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1499-9460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Lupica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Coppola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Camarda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2921-8658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Bolognini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology & Milan Center for Neuroscience\u2014NeuroMi, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychology, IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20122 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Brighina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30322-3","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Migraine and Tension-Type Headache, 1990\u20132016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"17","author":"Stovner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202","article-title":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 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