{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T23:08:42Z","timestamp":1781478522697,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Herpetofauna Foundation"},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snake venoms are complex mixtures of toxins that differ on interspecific (between species) and intraspecific (within species) levels. Whether venom variation within a group of closely related species is explained by the presence, absence and\/or relative abundances of venom toxins remains largely unknown. Taipans (Oxyuranus spp.) and brown snakes (Pseudonaja spp.) represent medically relevant species of snakes across the Australasian region and provide an excellent model clade for studying interspecific and intraspecific venom variation. Using liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and mass spectrometry detection, we analyzed a total of 31 venoms covering all species of this monophyletic clade, including widespread localities. Our results reveal major interspecific and intraspecific venom variation in Oxyuranus and Pseudonaja species, partially corresponding with their geographical regions and phylogenetic relationships. This extensive venom variability is generated by a combination of the absence\/presence and differential abundance of venom toxins. Our study highlights that venom systems can be highly dynamical on the interspecific and intraspecific levels and underscores that the rapid toxin evolvability potentially causes major impacts on neglected tropical snakebites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15010074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T04:30:20Z","timestamp":1673584220000},"page":"74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Highly Evolvable: Investigating Interspecific and Intraspecific Venom Variation in Taipans (Oxyuranus spp.) and Brown Snakes (Pseudonaja spp.)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5187-7342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jory","family":"van Thiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis L.","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1012 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Slagboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1012 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9707-7631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Dunstan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Supplies Pty. Ltd., Tanunda, SA 5352, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2320-3412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roel M.","family":"Wouters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2211-3930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cassandra M.","family":"Modahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freek J.","family":"Vonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1012 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy N. W.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0011-5612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"Kool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1012 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12865","article-title":"Convergent evolution of toxin resistance in animals","volume":"97","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. 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