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The binding of some solutes to plasma proteins complicates their removal via conventional therapies, e.g., hemodialysis. Protein-bound uremic toxins originate either from endogenous production, diet, microbial metabolism, or the environment. Although the impact of diet on uremic toxicity in CKD is difficult to quantify, nutrient intake plays an important role. Indeed, most uremic toxins are gut-derived compounds. They include Maillard reaction products, hippurates, indoles, phenols, and polyamines, among others. In this review, we summarize the findings concerning foods and dietary components as sources of uremic toxins or their precursors. We then discuss their endogenous metabolism via human enzyme reactions or gut microbial fermentation. Lastly, we present potential dietary strategies found to be efficacious or promising in lowering uremic toxins plasma levels. Aligned with current nutritional guidelines for CKD, a low-protein diet with increased fiber consumption and limited processed foods seems to be an effective treatment against uremic toxins accumulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15020116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T02:29:03Z","timestamp":1675218543000},"page":"116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Food-Derived Uremic Toxins in Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mara","family":"Lauriola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7158-171X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricard","family":"Farr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Evenepoel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saskia Adriana","family":"Overbeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2846-2026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Meijers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2021.11.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: An update 2022","volume":"12","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int. 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